Cohesion Strategies Transitional Words and Phrases

Here well consider how transitional words and phrases can help make our writing clear and cohesive. A key quality of an effective paragraph is unity. A unified paragraph sticks to one topic from start to finish, with every sentence contributing to the central purpose and main idea of that paragraph. But a strong paragraph is more than just a collection of loose sentences. Those sentences need to be clearly connected so that readers can follow along, recognizing how one detail leads to the next. A paragraph with clearly connected sentences is said to be cohesive. The following paragraph is unified and cohesive. Notice how the italicized words and phrases (called transitions) guide us along, helping us see how one detail leads to the next. Why I Dont Make My Bed Ever since I moved into my own apartment last fall, I have gotten out of the habit of making my bed--except on Fridays, of course, when I change the sheets. Although some people may think that I am a slob, I have some sound reasons for breaking the bed-making habit. In the first place, I am not concerned about maintaining a tidy bedroom because no one except me ever ventures in there. If there is ever a fire inspection or a surprise date, I suppose I can dash in there to fluff up the pillow and slap on a spread. Otherwise, I am not bothered. In addition, I find nothing uncomfortable about crawling into a rumpled mass of sheets and blankets. On the contrary, I enjoy poking out a cozy space for myself before drifting off to sleep. Also, I think that a tightly made bed is downright uncomfortable: entering one makes me feel like a loaf of bread being wrapped and sealed. Finally, and most importantly, I think bed-making is an awful way to waste time in the morning. I would rather spend th ose precious minutes checking my email or feeding the cat than tucking in corners or snapping the spread. Transitional words and phrases guide readers from one sentence to the next. Although they most often appear at the beginning of a sentence, they may also show up after the subject. Here are some of the most common transitional expressions in English, grouped according to the type of relationship shown by each. 1. Addition Transitions andalsobesidesfirst, second, thirdin additionin the first place, in the second place, in the third placefurthermoremoreoverto begin with, next, finallyExampleIn the first place, no burning in the sense of combustion, as in the burning of wood, occurs in a volcano; moreover, volcanoes are not necessarily mountains; furthermore, the activity takes place not always at the summit but more commonly on the sides or flanks; and finally, the smoke is not smoke but condensed steam.(Fred Bullard, Volcanoes in History, in Theory, in Eruption) 2. Cause-Effect Transitions accordinglyand soas a resultconsequentlyfor this reasonhencesothenthereforethusExampleThe study of human chromosomes is in its infancy, and so it has only recently become possible to study the effect of environmental factors upon them.(Rachel Carson, Silent Spring) 3. Comparison Transitions by the same tokenin like mannerin the same wayin similar fashionlikewisesimilarlyExampleThe heaping together of paintings by Old Masters in museums is a catastrophe; likewise, a collection of a hundred Great Brains makes one big fathead.(Carl Jung, Civilization in Transition) 4. Contrast Transitions buthoweverin contrastinsteadneverthelesson the contraryon the other handstillyetExampleEvery American, to the last man, lays claim to a sense of humor and guards it as his most significant spiritual trait, yet rejects humor as a contaminating element wherever found. America is a nation of comics and comedians; nevertheless, humor has no stature and is accepted only after the death of the perpetrator.(E. B. White, The Humor Paradox) 5. Conclusion and Summary Transitions and soafter allat lastfinallyin briefin closingin conclusionon the wholeto concludeto summarizeExampleWe should teach that words are not the things to which they refer. We should teach that words are best understood as convenient tools for handling reality. . . Finally, we should teach widely that new words can and should be invented if the need arises.(Karol Janicki, Language Misconceived) 6. Example Transitions as an examplefor examplefor instancespecificallythusto illustrateExampleWith all the ingenuity involved in hiding delicacies on the body, this process automatically excludes certain foods. For example, a turkey sandwich is welcome, but the cumbersome cantaloupe is not.(Steve Martin, How to Fold Soup) 7. Insistence Transitions in factindeednoyesExampleThe ideas of economists and political philosophers, both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood. Indeed the world is ruled by little else.(John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money) 8. Place Transitions abovealongsidebeneathbeyondfarther alongin backin frontnearbyon top ofto the leftto the rightunderuponExampleWhere the wall turns up to the right you can continue by the beck but a better path is to be found by turning with the wall and then going to the left through the bracken.(Jim Grindle, One Hundred Hill Walks in the Lake District) 9. Restatement Transitions in other wordsin shortin simpler termsthat isto put it differentlyto repeatExampleAnthropologist Geoffrey Gorer studied the few peaceful human tribes and discovered one common characteristic: sex roles were not polarized. Differences of dress and occupation were at a minimum. Society, in other words, was not using sexual blackmail as a way of getting women to do cheap labor, or men to be aggressive.(Gloria Steinem, What It Would Be Like If Women Win) 10. Time Transitions afterwardat the same timecurrentlyearlierformerlyimmediatelyin the futurein the meantimein the pastlatermeanwhilepreviouslysimultaneouslysubsequentlythenuntil nowExampleAt first a toy, then a mode of transportation for the rich, the automobile was designed as mans mechanical servant. Later it became part of the pattern of living.

The Validity Of Adult Adhd - 1917 Words

Running Head: THE VALIDITY OF ADULT ADHD DISORDER Adult ADHD and the validity of first diagnosis occurring in adulthood: A critical review of ADHD no longer just a developmental disorder present in childhood. Tania Guy S3885929 APP3026 Clinical Aspects of Psychology Semester 2, 2016 Victoria University, St Albans Campus The validity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) occurring for the first time within adulthood has been in recent years heavily debated. ADHD is a serious, oftentimes depleting developmental brain disorder, predominating in young children and adolescents (Muller Asherson, 2012; Karam, et al., 2009; Hesslinger, et al., 2003; Taylor, et al., 2011; Tannock, 2013; Faraone, et al., 2006). ADHD is defined as a persistent pattern of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity that is more regularly exhibited and more severe than observed in individuals of an equivalent developmental level (Faraone, et al., 2000; Muller Asherson, 2012). Symptoms comprise of forgetfulness, lack of attention, physical restlessness, impulsivity, disorganised and hyperactive behaviour (Muller Asherson, 2012; Hesslinger, et al., 2003). DSM-IV diagnostic criteria requirement is symptoms must have presented prior to seven years of age, six or more symptoms of inattention and six or more hyperactivi ty-impulsivity be present, and there be impairment within social, work and academic (Faraone, et al., 2000; Hesslinger, et al., 2003; Taylor, et al., 2011;Show MoreRelatedThe Current Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders1315 Words   |  6 PagesThe current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), now in its 5th edition, defines attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as persistent cycles of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that inhibit an individual’s ability to function or interferes with their development (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). 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The Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM IV) states that â€Å"the essential feature of ADHD is a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequent and serve than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development† (p.78). There are three subtypes of ADHD: Predominantly hyperactive- impulsive, predominantlyRead MoreSymptoms And Diagnosis Of Adhd920 Words   |  4 PagesADHD is one of the most studied psychiatric disorder, and one of the most common cognitive disorders, yet there are still concerns and questions about the validity of ADHD diagnosis. The truth is, there is no one simple test for ADHD. To be diagnosed with this disorder, a person must meet criteria described in DSM 5. How do we know if a person met the criteria? Well, it is simple, the clinical picture is drawn by patients’ (or parents’, teachers’) subjective description of symptoms. Yes, the diagnosis

Business Project Management Housing Authority

Question: Describe the Case Study for Business Project Management for Housing Authority. Answer: Introduction: The effective and efficient working of the project can be achieved by using the tool of project management (Mohammad, 2009). In this paper, we are focusing on contemporary issues related with project management. The risks associated with the project are the important part in the success and progress of the project. The Contractor Company focuses on the business risk associated with the company due to clients such as Housing authority, requirement of statutory, ramification or penalty due to poor performance, and associated suppliers and staffing. The partnership between public and private authority, finance initiative of private projects has the major impact on the construction industries. A risk can be defined as the future harm which can be caused due to present working condition of the organization. The loss can occur in terms of finance, credibility, data or information loss, or any other (Alfawaz, 2011). The Process of Risk Management is associated with the number of steps which focus on the identification of the risk, analysis of the risk, prioritization of the risk, planning, communication, mitigation, and monitoring of the risk. The process of risk management is divided into two integrated phases assessment of the risk and controlling of the risk. Risk is defined as the exposure of loss of economy due to the occurrence of uncertainty. The management of risk includes handling of logical and systematic procedures used for identification, analysing, evaluation, and communication to handle risk associated with the activity going within the organization (Lane, 2012). The functions which are associated with the risk management are categorised as identification, diversification, quantization, concentration, analysing, hedge, allocation, leverage, response, insurance, and prevention. The major concern is to identify the sources of risk associated with the project which can be due to commercial relationship, circumstances changes with the economic loss, predicti on of change in employees working nature within the organization, political risk, issues related with trend and technology, management of flow of activities, and many others. The risk adversely affects the area associated with assets and resources of the firm, cost, community, people, and environment, behaviour of the employees and organization, and performance (Perking, 2015). The success of the project depends on the interlinking and the integration of the risk management process and the working practices in completion of the project (Mark, 2011). Objective: The objective of the paper is to provide the brief study of on contemporary issues related with project management. The Contractor Company focuses on the business risk associated with the company due to clients such as Housing authority, requirement of statutory, ramification or penalty due to poor performance, and associated suppliers and staffing. Scope: The scope of the project is associated with strategies behind project risk planning, project risk assessment, project risk mitigation, project risk monitoring and control, project risk in the success of the project, and contemporary issues related with project management. The aim of the project risk management program is to minimize the losses and damages incurred with the project completion, reduction in the cost identified, controlling and minimizing the associated risk effects, and many others. Literature Review: From the research and literature review on the projects of construction industry in Hong Kong it has been seen that the success of the project depends on participants commitment towards the project functionality, competence of the owner and the contractor, coordination between the participants of the project (Danchev, 2009), favourable working environment provided to the employees, competency skills of the project manager, support provided by the top management, interaction and communication between the employees of the project working together. The management of risk includes handling of logical and systematic procedures used for identification, analysing, evaluation, and communication to handle risk associated with the activity going within the organization. The success of the project depends on the interlinking and the integration of the risk management process and the working practices in completion of the project. Risk associated with the business can be categorised as in relati on with damage occurs to environment, in relation with payment given to government, dumping of waste, noise pollution, should follow the rules of transparency, ethics, and consistency, Shareholders, and Investors. Risk associated with economy and politics can be defined as the economic factors can be categorised as inflation, crisis on finance, and increase in rate of interest, recession, and operating overseas. The political factors can be categorised as terrorism, kidnaping, diplomatic relation, and many others. Risk associated with procurement are known as difference in arrangement, issues related with rights and duties, and procurement risks can be categorised as traditional, designing, building, and others. The risks associated with the construction industry are complexity of the project can be increased, coverage of professional security, defects in designing of the infrastructure, in relation with work force relationship, and failure of the component working. Risks associated with the Hong Kong Construction Industry are listed below: Construction risk based on technical uncertainties Performance Risk associated with the component and material used Maintenance and operational risk Risk associated with failure due to the accident or negligence Setting of minimum acceptable standards The work in use ensures the project risk Success of the project: The success of the project is divided into five modules which are named as tiers: Tier 1: When the delivery of the project is within the scope in accordance with project schedule and budget Tier 2: When the delivery of the project is within the scope in accordance with project schedule and within the limits of agreed budget Tier 3: When the delivery of the project is within the scope in accordance with project schedule, expected budget, and meets the quality standards Tier 4: When the delivery of the project is within the scope in accordance with objective, scope, project schedule, budget, quality, and outcome When the delivery of the project is within the scope in accordance with net value of the project (Banaitis, 2011) The figure below shows the layers of project success: The table below shows the success indicator of the project (Source: Alfawaz, 2011.A review of risk management in construction: Opportunities for improvement. 1st ed.): Criteria of the Success Stakeholders Time scale Increase in the value of stakeholder Sponsors and stakeholder At the end of the year Owners profit Owner of the company At the end of the year Satisfaction provided to the owners and the sponsors of the project Owner Sponsor At the end of the year Satisfaction of the consumers Consumers At the end of the year Achievement of the purpose and the goal Stakeholders and the owner At the end of the month Specification should be meet Stakeholder and the team At the end of the weeks Functionality should be meet Stakeholder and the team At the end of the weeks Flexibility should be meet Stakeholder and the team At the end of the weeks Reliability should be meet Stakeholder and the team At the end of the weeks Maintainability should be meet Stakeholder and the team At the end of the weeks Security should be meet Stakeholder and the team At the end of the weeks Time, and cost Project team members At the end of the year Satisfaction of the project team Project team At the end of the year Profit received by the contractor Project Team At the end of the year Role of Risk manager: The risk manager is the person responsible for the identification and analysing the financial loss occurred of the organization. He makes use of cost effective opportunities for balancing the retention program of the enterprise. The preparation of budget and risk management programs is the key responsibilities of risk manager. He takes the step forward in allocating premium cost to the different departments of the organization. He also focuses on the reviewing of contracts, facilities, activities, and etc. associated with the implementation of the new program. The risk manager cover the areas related to market risks, operating risk, and credit risk. The functions which are associated with the risk manager are categorised as identification, diversification, quantization, concentration, analysing, hedge, allocation, leverage, response, insurance, and prevention. The risk manager focuses on handling of logical and systematic procedures used for identification, analysing, evaluation, and communication to handle risk associated with the activity going within the organization. The major concern of the risk manager is to identify the sources of risk associated with the project which can be due to commercial relationship, circumstances changes with the economic loss, prediction of change in employees working nature within the organization, political risk, issues related with trend and technology, management of flow of activities, and many others. The risk management program employed by the risk manager is to secure the success of the project and omission of the unknown or uncertain events to take place. Discussion: Risk Management process: The process of risk management is associated with the establishing of the context, identification of the risk, analysing of the risk, evaluation of the risk, treatment of the risk, monitoring and reviewing of the risk, and communication and consultation (Brown, 2011). The preparation of budget and risk management programs is the key responsibilities of risk manager. The risk management program is employed to secure the success of the project and omission of the unknown or uncertain events to take place. The risk management program can be efficient if it involves supporting organization factors, clarification for roles and responsibility (Christini, 2011), and skills associated with technical analysis of the project. The aim of the project risk management program is to minimize the losses and damages incurred with the project completion, reduction in the cost identified, controlling and minimizing the associated risk effects, and many others. The focus is to manage the performance ris k for the successful completion of the project. The following are the steps followed for overcoming the performance risk: Process of Risk Assessment: The process of risk assessment should be implemented before risk identification because it helps in exploring critical activities of the project which can be like services, failure of the power, resources, manpower, and many others. The risk assessment focuses on determining the estimation of qualitative and quantitative potential risk, evaluation of impact of these risks, scheduling the activities, and etc. (Thomsons, 2013). The table below shows the probability of the risk associated with the organization and its impact (source: Mohamed, N. 2009.Risk management in construction industry: A Case study. 1st ed.): Priority Probability of occurrence of risk Consequences Very Low Negligible to occur Negligible consequences Low Occasionally it occur Some impact on time, cost and quality Medium May or may not be occur Substantially get impact on time, cost, quality High Frequently occur Substantially get impact on time, cost, quality Very High Certainly it may occur It may threatens the project success Process of Risk Identification: This process focuses on identifying the potential risk associated with the project. The project manager knows about the risk associated with the project than he will be able to make more realistic strategies for the completion of the project successfully. Three techniques for the identification of risk are suggested by the Boyce which are categorized as brainstorming, interviewing, and Creation of risk database (Shacklett, 2015). The quality of the risk can be identified by the identification of the risk in the initial stage of the project, risk should be communicated properly, opportunities and threats should be considered, priority should be assigned to the risk, assessing of the risk, and developing the response associated with the risk. The identification of the risk includes handling of logical and systematic procedures used for identification, analysing, evaluation, and communication to handle risk associated with the activity going within the organization (Serpella, 2011). The table describes the work breakdown structure for identifying the risk (Source: Alfawaz, S. 2011.A review of risk management in construction: Opportunities for improvement. 1st ed.): Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Move the plan Technical Risk Cost associated Risk Scheduling Risk Client associated Risk Contract associated risk Finance and budget associated Risk Political Risk Environmental Risk Cultural Risk Potential Risk associated with the project. Process of Risk Mitigation: The process of risk identification and assessment plays the basis of risk mitigation (Reddy, 2012). The process of risk mitigation focuses on identifying the root cause of the identified risk. The second step it takes to evaluate the interaction of risk with other associated risk and their causes. The third step is to develop the alternative strategies for mitigating the risk. Fourth step focuses on priority given to the alternative chosen for mitigating the risk. Fifth step is the selection of resources for mitigating and overcoming the risk. The strategies which are used for mitigating the risk are categorised into four modules which are named as risk acceptance, risk avoidance, risk limitation, and risk transfer (Shankar, 2011). Process of Risk Monitoring and control: Risk monitoring and control is the on-going process of systematic tracking and evaluation of performance of mitigating the risk (Kang, 2013). It works on updating mitigation plan according to the change of requirement, making choice of alternative which is best suitable for overcoming the risk, and implementation of contingency plan. The table below shows how process of risk monitoring and control works (Source: Sibomana, A. 2015.Effects of risk management methods of project performance. 1st ed.): Input Process (Tools and techniques implemented) Output Plan for risk management Plan for risk response Communication within the project Identifying and analysing the additional risk Change of scope Response generated with project risk audits Review of periodic risk associated with the projects Analysis of earned value Measurement of technical performance Planning of response associated with additional risk. Plans for workaround Plans for corrective action Request for project risk Updating of the plan associated with the response to the risk Database for the risk Identification of the checklist Common Approaches to risk which are used in the construction industry: The details of some of the approach which are usually used for overcoming performance risks are Umbrella Approach is an approach in which large risk premium is added to the price (Sibomana, 2015). Ostrich Approach is an approach in which everything is treated as all right. Intuitive Approach is an approach in which the manager uses his own intuition. In this approach scientific analysis is not given much emphasis. Brute force Approach is an approach in which mainly emphasis on uncontrollable risk in order to control the risk. Analytical Approach is an approach which is mainly focuses on scientific methods used for analysis. Methods of minimization of the risk in construction industry of the Hong Kong: Minimization of the Performance risk can be done by focusing through the types of contracts, methods used for procurement analysis, legislation implemented on health and safety, legislation imposed on environment, and legislation imposed on employment. The project manager knows about the risk associated with the project than he will be able to make more realistic strategies for the completion of the project successfully. Risk is allocated in the organization in the series of step starting with condition of the contract, clauses of penalty, allowance provided on cost estimation, and charging of the insurance. The factors such as negligence to the supervision of the efficiency of the team, competence of the contractor, integrity of the project, and external influence over the working capability of the project will have the negative influence on the success of the project. The risks are transferred from client to contractors, passing of risk from contractor to subcontractor, and passing of risk between client, subcontractor, contractor, and insurer. Risk associated with the construction industry in Hong Kong: Rules listed for assessing the Performance risk: The process of identification of the Performance risk should be done in the initial stage of the project. Risk should be communicated properly. Opportunities and threats should be considered which are associated with the project. Priority should be assigned to the risk. Assessing of the risk associated with the project. The program should be used for developing the response associated with the risk. Risk is allocated in the organization in the series of step starting with condition of the contract, clauses of penalty, allowance provided on cost estimation, and charging of the insurance. Preventive measure should be developed for each individual risk. The Development of contingency plan should be done for individual risk. Registration of the project risk should be done according to the compatibility of the project. Tracking of risk and the task associated with the project. Conceptual Framework of the construction industry in Hong Kong: In the public construction industry of Hong Kong it has been seen that the success of the project depends on the goal of the project and its scope. The other major factors which play a crucial role in the success of the project are participation of the stakeholder, assessment of resources, and the management of the risk associated with the project. The project manager knows about the risk associated with the project than he will be able to make more realistic strategies for the completion of the project successfully (Villy, 2011). The committee which is responsible for decision making activity should focus on the analysis report of risk management and should give emphasis on overcoming procedure associated with the risk. The functions such as distribution of authority and responsibility, selection of the contractor, scheduling of the project, costing and budgeting and documentation of the project plays a key role in overcoming the risk attached with the implementation phase (Wang, 20 13). The factors such as negligence to the supervision of the efficiency of the team, competence of the contractor, integrity of the project, and external influence over the working capability of the project will have the negative influence on the success of the project. From the research and surveys, it has been seen that the partnership between public and private authority, finance initiative of private projects has the major impact on the construction industries in Hong Kong. Independent variables of the construction industry Intervening Variables of the construction industry Dependent Variable of the construction industry Planning of project risk Assessment of project risk Mitigation of the project risk Monitoring and control of project risk Measurement of project risk Size of the project Complexity of the project Skills of project managers Experience of project manager Indicator of project risk Budget Scope Schedule Quality Project value Recommendation: The study makes clear the concept of relationship between risk of the projects and the success of the project. It is highly recommended that when the planning of the construction project undergoes then the list of critical success factors and indicators should be highlighted. The risk management program is employed to secure the success of the project and omission of the unknown or uncertain events to take place. The focus should be given on identifying the risk and assessment of risk in every step of project development life cycle. The success of the project depends on the interlinking and the integration of the risk management process and the working practices in completion of the project. Conclusion: In this paper, we provide the brief study of issues occurred in the risk management in the project management program of the public construction industry of Hong Kong. In the given scenario, it has been seen that the partnership between public and private authority, finance initiative of private projects has the major impact on the construction industries in Hong Kong. The major concern is to identify the sources of risk associated with the project which can be due to commercial relationship, circumstances changes with the economic loss, prediction of change in employees working nature within the organization, political risk, issues related with trend and technology, management of flow of activities, and many others. From the research and literature review on the projects of construction industry in Hong Kong it has been seen that the success of the project depends on participants commitment towards the project functionality, competence of the owner and the contractor, and others. Th e process of risk management is associated with the establishing of the context, identification of the risk, analysing of the risk, evaluation of the risk, treatment of the risk, monitoring and reviewing of the risk, and communication and consultation. The identification of the risk includes handling of logical and systematic procedures used for identification, analysing, evaluation, and communication to handle risk associated with the activity going within the organization. The risk management program is employed to secure the success of the project and omission of the unknown or uncertain events to take place. The factors such as negligence to the supervision of the efficiency of the team, competence of the contractor, integrity of the project, and external influence over the working capability of the project will have the negative influence on the success of the project. Minimization of the risk can be done by focusing through the types of contracts, methods used for procurement analysis, legislation implemented on health and safety, legislation imposed on environment, and legislation imposed on employment. References: Mohamed, N. (2009).Risk management in construction industry: A Case study. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.ijirset.com/upload/2015/october/52_9_RISK.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Alfawaz, S. (2011).A review of risk management in construction: Opportunities for improvement. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://file.scirp.org/pdf/ME_2014041514072361.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Lane, T. (2012).The impact of risk management on construction project success from the employees perspective. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://journal-archieves35.webs.com/12-43.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Perkins, J. (2015). Risk management in construction industry. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.meeting.edu.cn/meeting/UploadPapers/1282726331593.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Mark, S. (2011).A case study on risk management in construction industry. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://iosrjournals.org/iosr-jmce/papers/sicete(civil)-volume2/25.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Danchev, D. (2009).Risk management analysis in construction industry. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.meeting.edu.cn/meeting/UploadPapers/1282726331593.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Brown, V. (2011).Risk management in construction project network. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.548.2582rep=rep1type=pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Christini, O. (2011). A Comparative study of different procurement option in construction project. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:999456/FULLTEXT01.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Thomsons, L. (2013).A Study of risk in construction industry. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.worldwidejournals.com/global-journal-for-research-analysis-GJRA/file.php?val=September_2013_1379425895_21a41_39.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Shacklett, D. (2015).Management of risk in construction industry. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.ijer.in/ijer/publication/v5si1/35.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Banaitis, A. (2011).Risk management in construction project. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/38973/InTechRisk_management_in_construction_projects.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Serpella, R. (2011).Risk management in construction project: A knowledge based approach. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042814021648 [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Reddy, L. (2012).Evaluating risk management practices in construction organization. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042815036149 [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Sibomana, A. (2015).Effects of risk management methods of project performance. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.jkuat.ac.ke/campuses/kigali/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Aimable-Sibomana-2015-contribution-of-branding-in-enhancing-performance-of-tourism-sector-in-Rwanda.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Shankar, N. (2011).Assessment of risk in construction industry. 1st ed. 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Motivation and Flight Centre Staff

Introduction Flight Centre is one of the world’s leading travel agency organizations. Headquartered in Australia, Flight Centre has branches in the US, UK, Canada, and New Zealand. It offers a wide variety of services in the air travel industry. Flight Centre has nearly 10,000 staff, and motivation of such a vast number of workers in different countries and continents requires different motivation techniques.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Motivation and Flight Centre Staff specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The motivation techniques used for Flight Centre workers in these different areas should take cognizance of the form of work done by the employees, the environmental surroundings, and the employee needs and thus cannot use identical motivation techniques. Maslow’s Motivation Theory Maslow’s motivation theory states that the desire to fulfil unmet needs drives and motivates human being s in whatever they do. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs presents the basic human needs as being â€Å"physiological, followed by safety needs, social needs, and then esteem needs† (Berl Williamson 1987, p.53). When all these needs are satisfied, an individual is then able to attain self-actualization. As an all-encompassing theory on motivation, Maslow’s motivation theory applies to Flight Centre staff across the board. All the employees of Flight Centre, across the different continents, need to have their basic physiological needs met, regardless of rank or position in the organization. Therefore, Flight Centre employees will be motivated when the organization meets their basic physiological needs such as food, shelter, and education through proper and appropriate remuneration. Furthermore, Flight Centre employees involved in actual travel, in the process of transfer of documents and delivery of packages between Flight Centre and its clients, will be motivated by h aving their on-the-job safety needs catered for. Therefore, in a general sense, Maslow’s theory of motivation can apply across the board for employees of Flight Centre insofar as their motivation is derived from the satisfaction of their basic physiological and psychological needs. Incentive Theory and Flight Centre Employees One of the best motivators for workers and employees worldwide is adequate remuneration for work done. B.F Skinner’s incentive theory states that, when positive behaviour is rewarded, the behaviour is likely to be repeated. Therefore, through tangible and intangible rewards, employees can be motivated to perform to higher standards. One of the most common incentives for motivation is higher pay. When employees realize that they can receive better pay by performing their duties to a higher standard, they are likely to strive to achieve these standards.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, the Flight Centre employees in the different countries can be motivated through receiving competitive salaries and wages. However, different sets of employees are motivated differently. For instance, those working for Flight Centre on short-term contracts may be motivated to put more effort and skill in their work in order to obtain permanent employment terms. Staff in managerial positions may be motivated with rewards of higher job titles and definitive managerial positions. Overall, the creation of reward schemes within the internal structure of the organization provides adequate incentive to motivate employees to work at levels that are more intensive. Schemes that create an award for employees every month – â€Å"Employees of the Month†, and other such continuous reward schemes, can be an integral source of motivation for Flight Centre employees. Goal Setting Theory of Motivation and Flight Centre employe es The goal setting theory states that, employees can gain motivation and interest in their work when they develop clear goals to be achieved within specific periods. The Goal Setting theory, when applied to Flight Centre employees, may involve setting goals for the different cadre of employees. For instance, employees involved in the actual advertisement and recruiting of clients for Flight Centre may set goals on the number of new clients they can attempt to bring in for the organization each month or year. Employees involved in the daily interaction with clients (for instance Front Office employees) can target to reduce the number of negative feedbacks by clients. Similarly, the senior management can set goals on reducing the number of employee turnover annually. When such goals are set, the employees have clear targets that they can strive to achieve, and therein find motivation for their jobs. Since Flight Centre has branches in different countries, the goals set by these diffe rent branches should factor in the national, gender, cultural, and environmental factors wrought by the different locations. For example, a flight centre branch in Asia, which has collectivist cultures, should be careful to set goals that promote overall cooperation between employees since individualistic goal setting and achievement is frowned upon in Asian countries. Conclusion In conclusion, as discussed in this paper, Flight Centre cannot use identical motivation techniques in all its branches and activities. Since Flight Centre is an international organization with branches in different countries across different cultures, each Flight Centre branch has a unique set of employees and functions. The motivation techniques applicable in these branches will thus vary, considering the nature of the work involved, the type of employee in need of motivation, and the type of motivation appropriate. Reference Berl, R., Williamson, N., 1987. A Review of the Content Theories of Motivation asAdvertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Motivation and Flight Centre Staff specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They Apply to Sales and Sales Management. American Business Review, 5(1), pp. 53-58. This assessment on Motivation and Flight Centre Staff was written and submitted by user Cecel1a to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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