Friday, December 27, 2019

Cohesion Strategies Transitional Words and Phrases

Here well consider how transitional words and phrases can help make our writing clear and cohesive. A key quality of an effective paragraph is unity. A unified paragraph sticks to one topic from start to finish, with every sentence contributing to the central purpose and main idea of that paragraph. But a strong paragraph is more than just a collection of loose sentences. Those sentences need to be clearly connected so that readers can follow along, recognizing how one detail leads to the next. A paragraph with clearly connected sentences is said to be cohesive. The following paragraph is unified and cohesive. Notice how the italicized words and phrases (called transitions) guide us along, helping us see how one detail leads to the next. Why I Dont Make My Bed Ever since I moved into my own apartment last fall, I have gotten out of the habit of making my bed--except on Fridays, of course, when I change the sheets. Although some people may think that I am a slob, I have some sound reasons for breaking the bed-making habit. In the first place, I am not concerned about maintaining a tidy bedroom because no one except me ever ventures in there. If there is ever a fire inspection or a surprise date, I suppose I can dash in there to fluff up the pillow and slap on a spread. Otherwise, I am not bothered. In addition, I find nothing uncomfortable about crawling into a rumpled mass of sheets and blankets. On the contrary, I enjoy poking out a cozy space for myself before drifting off to sleep. Also, I think that a tightly made bed is downright uncomfortable: entering one makes me feel like a loaf of bread being wrapped and sealed. Finally, and most importantly, I think bed-making is an awful way to waste time in the morning. I would rather spend th ose precious minutes checking my email or feeding the cat than tucking in corners or snapping the spread. Transitional words and phrases guide readers from one sentence to the next. Although they most often appear at the beginning of a sentence, they may also show up after the subject. Here are some of the most common transitional expressions in English, grouped according to the type of relationship shown by each. 1. Addition Transitions andalsobesidesfirst, second, thirdin additionin the first place, in the second place, in the third placefurthermoremoreoverto begin with, next, finallyExampleIn the first place, no burning in the sense of combustion, as in the burning of wood, occurs in a volcano; moreover, volcanoes are not necessarily mountains; furthermore, the activity takes place not always at the summit but more commonly on the sides or flanks; and finally, the smoke is not smoke but condensed steam.(Fred Bullard, Volcanoes in History, in Theory, in Eruption) 2. Cause-Effect Transitions accordinglyand soas a resultconsequentlyfor this reasonhencesothenthereforethusExampleThe study of human chromosomes is in its infancy, and so it has only recently become possible to study the effect of environmental factors upon them.(Rachel Carson, Silent Spring) 3. Comparison Transitions by the same tokenin like mannerin the same wayin similar fashionlikewisesimilarlyExampleThe heaping together of paintings by Old Masters in museums is a catastrophe; likewise, a collection of a hundred Great Brains makes one big fathead.(Carl Jung, Civilization in Transition) 4. Contrast Transitions buthoweverin contrastinsteadneverthelesson the contraryon the other handstillyetExampleEvery American, to the last man, lays claim to a sense of humor and guards it as his most significant spiritual trait, yet rejects humor as a contaminating element wherever found. America is a nation of comics and comedians; nevertheless, humor has no stature and is accepted only after the death of the perpetrator.(E. B. White, The Humor Paradox) 5. Conclusion and Summary Transitions and soafter allat lastfinallyin briefin closingin conclusionon the wholeto concludeto summarizeExampleWe should teach that words are not the things to which they refer. We should teach that words are best understood as convenient tools for handling reality. . . Finally, we should teach widely that new words can and should be invented if the need arises.(Karol Janicki, Language Misconceived) 6. Example Transitions as an examplefor examplefor instancespecificallythusto illustrateExampleWith all the ingenuity involved in hiding delicacies on the body, this process automatically excludes certain foods. For example, a turkey sandwich is welcome, but the cumbersome cantaloupe is not.(Steve Martin, How to Fold Soup) 7. Insistence Transitions in factindeednoyesExampleThe ideas of economists and political philosophers, both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood. Indeed the world is ruled by little else.(John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money) 8. Place Transitions abovealongsidebeneathbeyondfarther alongin backin frontnearbyon top ofto the leftto the rightunderuponExampleWhere the wall turns up to the right you can continue by the beck but a better path is to be found by turning with the wall and then going to the left through the bracken.(Jim Grindle, One Hundred Hill Walks in the Lake District) 9. Restatement Transitions in other wordsin shortin simpler termsthat isto put it differentlyto repeatExampleAnthropologist Geoffrey Gorer studied the few peaceful human tribes and discovered one common characteristic: sex roles were not polarized. Differences of dress and occupation were at a minimum. Society, in other words, was not using sexual blackmail as a way of getting women to do cheap labor, or men to be aggressive.(Gloria Steinem, What It Would Be Like If Women Win) 10. Time Transitions afterwardat the same timecurrentlyearlierformerlyimmediatelyin the futurein the meantimein the pastlatermeanwhilepreviouslysimultaneouslysubsequentlythenuntil nowExampleAt first a toy, then a mode of transportation for the rich, the automobile was designed as mans mechanical servant. Later it became part of the pattern of living.

Thursday, December 19, 2019

The Validity Of Adult Adhd - 1917 Words

Running Head: THE VALIDITY OF ADULT ADHD DISORDER Adult ADHD and the validity of first diagnosis occurring in adulthood: A critical review of ADHD no longer just a developmental disorder present in childhood. Tania Guy S3885929 APP3026 Clinical Aspects of Psychology Semester 2, 2016 Victoria University, St Albans Campus The validity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) occurring for the first time within adulthood has been in recent years heavily debated. ADHD is a serious, oftentimes depleting developmental brain disorder, predominating in young children and adolescents (Muller Asherson, 2012; Karam, et al., 2009; Hesslinger, et al., 2003; Taylor, et al., 2011; Tannock, 2013; Faraone, et al., 2006). ADHD is defined as a persistent pattern of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity that is more regularly exhibited and more severe than observed in individuals of an equivalent developmental level (Faraone, et al., 2000; Muller Asherson, 2012). Symptoms comprise of forgetfulness, lack of attention, physical restlessness, impulsivity, disorganised and hyperactive behaviour (Muller Asherson, 2012; Hesslinger, et al., 2003). DSM-IV diagnostic criteria requirement is symptoms must have presented prior to seven years of age, six or more symptoms of inattention and six or more hyperactivi ty-impulsivity be present, and there be impairment within social, work and academic (Faraone, et al., 2000; Hesslinger, et al., 2003; Taylor, et al., 2011;Show MoreRelatedThe Current Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders1315 Words   |  6 PagesThe current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), now in its 5th edition, defines attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as persistent cycles of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that inhibit an individual’s ability to function or interferes with their development (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). 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Also consideredRead MoreThe Effect Of Coordination Exercise On Improving Some Locomotor And Physical Abilities And Ease Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder1611 Words   |  7 Pageshandicapped learnable children Dr. / Eslam Mohamed Mahmoud Salim(*) †¢ Abstract: This research aimed at identify the effect of coordination exercise on improving some locomotor and physical abilities and ease attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) within handicapped learnable children between (9 and 12) years, with mental age between (8 and 10) years, and IQ score between (55 and 75) marks. Experimental methodology used. Main study sample selected intentionally and consisted of (24) mentallyRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )960 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract This paper will focus on what is commonly known as Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a complex disorder that can affect people of any age, gender or ethnicity. This disorder impacts so many people that new studies are being done quite frequently. Because of this, it can be very difficult for mental health professionals to remain current with the most recent findings and know how best to respond to patient’s questions and apprehensions regarding the disorder and subsequentRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1219 Words   |  5 PagesDisorder (ADHD). There are some, including the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), who are adamant in the fact that ADHD is a true illness, however there are other outside sources who argue there is not enough credible evidence to define ADHD as a mental disorder. This very argument has fueled psychologists to put their full efforts into finding greater evidence to either prove or disprove the pr evalence of ADHD. Overall, there are both arguments for and against the idea of ADHD, as well asRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder912 Words   |  4 PagesDeficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, or commonly known as ADHD, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, is an illness that causes inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. A conservative 4.4 million children in the United States have been diagnosed with ADHD, with about 2.5 million children are prescribed a psychostimulant to help combat the symptoms that coincide with the disorder. While it is debated if ADHD is truly even a real mental disorder, the prescriptionRead MoreEssay On Adhd816 Words   |  4 Pagesbankruptcy. So you can see that the progression of ADHD and its life impairments change as the age of the patient changes. In childhood we focus on academic and social outcomes. In adolescence, were looking at substance abuse and pregnancy, impulsive criminal behavior, and driving outcomes. In the adult, we look at unstable employment history, financial difficulties, and disrupted if not terminated marriages.† Goodman urges any individuals who may have ADHD to go get seen by a professional who can determineRead MoreEffects Of Obesity On Children s Behavior997 Words   |  4 Pages Another popular ideology, which has contributed a profound portion towards this issue, ultimately holds that sugar and artificial sweeteners contribute to ADHD. Throughout the decades, many parents have suggested that sugar, as well as other sweeteners; have major effects on their children’s behavior. Hyperactivity in children, which was also stated to impact their attentiveness, seemed to be the main con cern among parents regarding their children’s acute consumption of high levels of sugars orRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1278 Words   |  6 Pagesfunctions differently. They may have what’s called ADHD. ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM IV) states that â€Å"the essential feature of ADHD is a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequent and serve than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development† (p.78). There are three subtypes of ADHD: Predominantly hyperactive- impulsive, predominantlyRead MoreSymptoms And Diagnosis Of Adhd920 Words   |  4 PagesADHD is one of the most studied psychiatric disorder, and one of the most common cognitive disorders, yet there are still concerns and questions about the validity of ADHD diagnosis. The truth is, there is no one simple test for ADHD. To be diagnosed with this disorder, a person must meet criteria described in DSM 5. How do we know if a person met the criteria? Well, it is simple, the clinical picture is drawn by patients’ (or parents’, teachers’) subjective description of symptoms. Yes, the diagnosis

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Business Project Management Housing Authority

Question: Describe the Case Study for Business Project Management for Housing Authority. Answer: Introduction: The effective and efficient working of the project can be achieved by using the tool of project management (Mohammad, 2009). In this paper, we are focusing on contemporary issues related with project management. The risks associated with the project are the important part in the success and progress of the project. The Contractor Company focuses on the business risk associated with the company due to clients such as Housing authority, requirement of statutory, ramification or penalty due to poor performance, and associated suppliers and staffing. The partnership between public and private authority, finance initiative of private projects has the major impact on the construction industries. A risk can be defined as the future harm which can be caused due to present working condition of the organization. The loss can occur in terms of finance, credibility, data or information loss, or any other (Alfawaz, 2011). The Process of Risk Management is associated with the number of steps which focus on the identification of the risk, analysis of the risk, prioritization of the risk, planning, communication, mitigation, and monitoring of the risk. The process of risk management is divided into two integrated phases assessment of the risk and controlling of the risk. Risk is defined as the exposure of loss of economy due to the occurrence of uncertainty. The management of risk includes handling of logical and systematic procedures used for identification, analysing, evaluation, and communication to handle risk associated with the activity going within the organization (Lane, 2012). The functions which are associated with the risk management are categorised as identification, diversification, quantization, concentration, analysing, hedge, allocation, leverage, response, insurance, and prevention. The major concern is to identify the sources of risk associated with the project which can be due to commercial relationship, circumstances changes with the economic loss, predicti on of change in employees working nature within the organization, political risk, issues related with trend and technology, management of flow of activities, and many others. The risk adversely affects the area associated with assets and resources of the firm, cost, community, people, and environment, behaviour of the employees and organization, and performance (Perking, 2015). The success of the project depends on the interlinking and the integration of the risk management process and the working practices in completion of the project (Mark, 2011). Objective: The objective of the paper is to provide the brief study of on contemporary issues related with project management. The Contractor Company focuses on the business risk associated with the company due to clients such as Housing authority, requirement of statutory, ramification or penalty due to poor performance, and associated suppliers and staffing. Scope: The scope of the project is associated with strategies behind project risk planning, project risk assessment, project risk mitigation, project risk monitoring and control, project risk in the success of the project, and contemporary issues related with project management. The aim of the project risk management program is to minimize the losses and damages incurred with the project completion, reduction in the cost identified, controlling and minimizing the associated risk effects, and many others. Literature Review: From the research and literature review on the projects of construction industry in Hong Kong it has been seen that the success of the project depends on participants commitment towards the project functionality, competence of the owner and the contractor, coordination between the participants of the project (Danchev, 2009), favourable working environment provided to the employees, competency skills of the project manager, support provided by the top management, interaction and communication between the employees of the project working together. The management of risk includes handling of logical and systematic procedures used for identification, analysing, evaluation, and communication to handle risk associated with the activity going within the organization. The success of the project depends on the interlinking and the integration of the risk management process and the working practices in completion of the project. Risk associated with the business can be categorised as in relati on with damage occurs to environment, in relation with payment given to government, dumping of waste, noise pollution, should follow the rules of transparency, ethics, and consistency, Shareholders, and Investors. Risk associated with economy and politics can be defined as the economic factors can be categorised as inflation, crisis on finance, and increase in rate of interest, recession, and operating overseas. The political factors can be categorised as terrorism, kidnaping, diplomatic relation, and many others. Risk associated with procurement are known as difference in arrangement, issues related with rights and duties, and procurement risks can be categorised as traditional, designing, building, and others. The risks associated with the construction industry are complexity of the project can be increased, coverage of professional security, defects in designing of the infrastructure, in relation with work force relationship, and failure of the component working. Risks associated with the Hong Kong Construction Industry are listed below: Construction risk based on technical uncertainties Performance Risk associated with the component and material used Maintenance and operational risk Risk associated with failure due to the accident or negligence Setting of minimum acceptable standards The work in use ensures the project risk Success of the project: The success of the project is divided into five modules which are named as tiers: Tier 1: When the delivery of the project is within the scope in accordance with project schedule and budget Tier 2: When the delivery of the project is within the scope in accordance with project schedule and within the limits of agreed budget Tier 3: When the delivery of the project is within the scope in accordance with project schedule, expected budget, and meets the quality standards Tier 4: When the delivery of the project is within the scope in accordance with objective, scope, project schedule, budget, quality, and outcome When the delivery of the project is within the scope in accordance with net value of the project (Banaitis, 2011) The figure below shows the layers of project success: The table below shows the success indicator of the project (Source: Alfawaz, 2011.A review of risk management in construction: Opportunities for improvement. 1st ed.): Criteria of the Success Stakeholders Time scale Increase in the value of stakeholder Sponsors and stakeholder At the end of the year Owners profit Owner of the company At the end of the year Satisfaction provided to the owners and the sponsors of the project Owner Sponsor At the end of the year Satisfaction of the consumers Consumers At the end of the year Achievement of the purpose and the goal Stakeholders and the owner At the end of the month Specification should be meet Stakeholder and the team At the end of the weeks Functionality should be meet Stakeholder and the team At the end of the weeks Flexibility should be meet Stakeholder and the team At the end of the weeks Reliability should be meet Stakeholder and the team At the end of the weeks Maintainability should be meet Stakeholder and the team At the end of the weeks Security should be meet Stakeholder and the team At the end of the weeks Time, and cost Project team members At the end of the year Satisfaction of the project team Project team At the end of the year Profit received by the contractor Project Team At the end of the year Role of Risk manager: The risk manager is the person responsible for the identification and analysing the financial loss occurred of the organization. He makes use of cost effective opportunities for balancing the retention program of the enterprise. The preparation of budget and risk management programs is the key responsibilities of risk manager. He takes the step forward in allocating premium cost to the different departments of the organization. He also focuses on the reviewing of contracts, facilities, activities, and etc. associated with the implementation of the new program. The risk manager cover the areas related to market risks, operating risk, and credit risk. The functions which are associated with the risk manager are categorised as identification, diversification, quantization, concentration, analysing, hedge, allocation, leverage, response, insurance, and prevention. The risk manager focuses on handling of logical and systematic procedures used for identification, analysing, evaluation, and communication to handle risk associated with the activity going within the organization. The major concern of the risk manager is to identify the sources of risk associated with the project which can be due to commercial relationship, circumstances changes with the economic loss, prediction of change in employees working nature within the organization, political risk, issues related with trend and technology, management of flow of activities, and many others. The risk management program employed by the risk manager is to secure the success of the project and omission of the unknown or uncertain events to take place. Discussion: Risk Management process: The process of risk management is associated with the establishing of the context, identification of the risk, analysing of the risk, evaluation of the risk, treatment of the risk, monitoring and reviewing of the risk, and communication and consultation (Brown, 2011). The preparation of budget and risk management programs is the key responsibilities of risk manager. The risk management program is employed to secure the success of the project and omission of the unknown or uncertain events to take place. The risk management program can be efficient if it involves supporting organization factors, clarification for roles and responsibility (Christini, 2011), and skills associated with technical analysis of the project. The aim of the project risk management program is to minimize the losses and damages incurred with the project completion, reduction in the cost identified, controlling and minimizing the associated risk effects, and many others. The focus is to manage the performance ris k for the successful completion of the project. The following are the steps followed for overcoming the performance risk: Process of Risk Assessment: The process of risk assessment should be implemented before risk identification because it helps in exploring critical activities of the project which can be like services, failure of the power, resources, manpower, and many others. The risk assessment focuses on determining the estimation of qualitative and quantitative potential risk, evaluation of impact of these risks, scheduling the activities, and etc. (Thomsons, 2013). The table below shows the probability of the risk associated with the organization and its impact (source: Mohamed, N. 2009.Risk management in construction industry: A Case study. 1st ed.): Priority Probability of occurrence of risk Consequences Very Low Negligible to occur Negligible consequences Low Occasionally it occur Some impact on time, cost and quality Medium May or may not be occur Substantially get impact on time, cost, quality High Frequently occur Substantially get impact on time, cost, quality Very High Certainly it may occur It may threatens the project success Process of Risk Identification: This process focuses on identifying the potential risk associated with the project. The project manager knows about the risk associated with the project than he will be able to make more realistic strategies for the completion of the project successfully. Three techniques for the identification of risk are suggested by the Boyce which are categorized as brainstorming, interviewing, and Creation of risk database (Shacklett, 2015). The quality of the risk can be identified by the identification of the risk in the initial stage of the project, risk should be communicated properly, opportunities and threats should be considered, priority should be assigned to the risk, assessing of the risk, and developing the response associated with the risk. The identification of the risk includes handling of logical and systematic procedures used for identification, analysing, evaluation, and communication to handle risk associated with the activity going within the organization (Serpella, 2011). The table describes the work breakdown structure for identifying the risk (Source: Alfawaz, S. 2011.A review of risk management in construction: Opportunities for improvement. 1st ed.): Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Move the plan Technical Risk Cost associated Risk Scheduling Risk Client associated Risk Contract associated risk Finance and budget associated Risk Political Risk Environmental Risk Cultural Risk Potential Risk associated with the project. Process of Risk Mitigation: The process of risk identification and assessment plays the basis of risk mitigation (Reddy, 2012). The process of risk mitigation focuses on identifying the root cause of the identified risk. The second step it takes to evaluate the interaction of risk with other associated risk and their causes. The third step is to develop the alternative strategies for mitigating the risk. Fourth step focuses on priority given to the alternative chosen for mitigating the risk. Fifth step is the selection of resources for mitigating and overcoming the risk. The strategies which are used for mitigating the risk are categorised into four modules which are named as risk acceptance, risk avoidance, risk limitation, and risk transfer (Shankar, 2011). Process of Risk Monitoring and control: Risk monitoring and control is the on-going process of systematic tracking and evaluation of performance of mitigating the risk (Kang, 2013). It works on updating mitigation plan according to the change of requirement, making choice of alternative which is best suitable for overcoming the risk, and implementation of contingency plan. The table below shows how process of risk monitoring and control works (Source: Sibomana, A. 2015.Effects of risk management methods of project performance. 1st ed.): Input Process (Tools and techniques implemented) Output Plan for risk management Plan for risk response Communication within the project Identifying and analysing the additional risk Change of scope Response generated with project risk audits Review of periodic risk associated with the projects Analysis of earned value Measurement of technical performance Planning of response associated with additional risk. Plans for workaround Plans for corrective action Request for project risk Updating of the plan associated with the response to the risk Database for the risk Identification of the checklist Common Approaches to risk which are used in the construction industry: The details of some of the approach which are usually used for overcoming performance risks are Umbrella Approach is an approach in which large risk premium is added to the price (Sibomana, 2015). Ostrich Approach is an approach in which everything is treated as all right. Intuitive Approach is an approach in which the manager uses his own intuition. In this approach scientific analysis is not given much emphasis. Brute force Approach is an approach in which mainly emphasis on uncontrollable risk in order to control the risk. Analytical Approach is an approach which is mainly focuses on scientific methods used for analysis. Methods of minimization of the risk in construction industry of the Hong Kong: Minimization of the Performance risk can be done by focusing through the types of contracts, methods used for procurement analysis, legislation implemented on health and safety, legislation imposed on environment, and legislation imposed on employment. The project manager knows about the risk associated with the project than he will be able to make more realistic strategies for the completion of the project successfully. Risk is allocated in the organization in the series of step starting with condition of the contract, clauses of penalty, allowance provided on cost estimation, and charging of the insurance. The factors such as negligence to the supervision of the efficiency of the team, competence of the contractor, integrity of the project, and external influence over the working capability of the project will have the negative influence on the success of the project. The risks are transferred from client to contractors, passing of risk from contractor to subcontractor, and passing of risk between client, subcontractor, contractor, and insurer. Risk associated with the construction industry in Hong Kong: Rules listed for assessing the Performance risk: The process of identification of the Performance risk should be done in the initial stage of the project. Risk should be communicated properly. Opportunities and threats should be considered which are associated with the project. Priority should be assigned to the risk. Assessing of the risk associated with the project. The program should be used for developing the response associated with the risk. Risk is allocated in the organization in the series of step starting with condition of the contract, clauses of penalty, allowance provided on cost estimation, and charging of the insurance. Preventive measure should be developed for each individual risk. The Development of contingency plan should be done for individual risk. Registration of the project risk should be done according to the compatibility of the project. Tracking of risk and the task associated with the project. Conceptual Framework of the construction industry in Hong Kong: In the public construction industry of Hong Kong it has been seen that the success of the project depends on the goal of the project and its scope. The other major factors which play a crucial role in the success of the project are participation of the stakeholder, assessment of resources, and the management of the risk associated with the project. The project manager knows about the risk associated with the project than he will be able to make more realistic strategies for the completion of the project successfully (Villy, 2011). The committee which is responsible for decision making activity should focus on the analysis report of risk management and should give emphasis on overcoming procedure associated with the risk. The functions such as distribution of authority and responsibility, selection of the contractor, scheduling of the project, costing and budgeting and documentation of the project plays a key role in overcoming the risk attached with the implementation phase (Wang, 20 13). The factors such as negligence to the supervision of the efficiency of the team, competence of the contractor, integrity of the project, and external influence over the working capability of the project will have the negative influence on the success of the project. From the research and surveys, it has been seen that the partnership between public and private authority, finance initiative of private projects has the major impact on the construction industries in Hong Kong. Independent variables of the construction industry Intervening Variables of the construction industry Dependent Variable of the construction industry Planning of project risk Assessment of project risk Mitigation of the project risk Monitoring and control of project risk Measurement of project risk Size of the project Complexity of the project Skills of project managers Experience of project manager Indicator of project risk Budget Scope Schedule Quality Project value Recommendation: The study makes clear the concept of relationship between risk of the projects and the success of the project. It is highly recommended that when the planning of the construction project undergoes then the list of critical success factors and indicators should be highlighted. The risk management program is employed to secure the success of the project and omission of the unknown or uncertain events to take place. The focus should be given on identifying the risk and assessment of risk in every step of project development life cycle. The success of the project depends on the interlinking and the integration of the risk management process and the working practices in completion of the project. Conclusion: In this paper, we provide the brief study of issues occurred in the risk management in the project management program of the public construction industry of Hong Kong. In the given scenario, it has been seen that the partnership between public and private authority, finance initiative of private projects has the major impact on the construction industries in Hong Kong. The major concern is to identify the sources of risk associated with the project which can be due to commercial relationship, circumstances changes with the economic loss, prediction of change in employees working nature within the organization, political risk, issues related with trend and technology, management of flow of activities, and many others. From the research and literature review on the projects of construction industry in Hong Kong it has been seen that the success of the project depends on participants commitment towards the project functionality, competence of the owner and the contractor, and others. Th e process of risk management is associated with the establishing of the context, identification of the risk, analysing of the risk, evaluation of the risk, treatment of the risk, monitoring and reviewing of the risk, and communication and consultation. The identification of the risk includes handling of logical and systematic procedures used for identification, analysing, evaluation, and communication to handle risk associated with the activity going within the organization. The risk management program is employed to secure the success of the project and omission of the unknown or uncertain events to take place. The factors such as negligence to the supervision of the efficiency of the team, competence of the contractor, integrity of the project, and external influence over the working capability of the project will have the negative influence on the success of the project. Minimization of the risk can be done by focusing through the types of contracts, methods used for procurement analysis, legislation implemented on health and safety, legislation imposed on environment, and legislation imposed on employment. References: Mohamed, N. (2009).Risk management in construction industry: A Case study. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.ijirset.com/upload/2015/october/52_9_RISK.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Alfawaz, S. (2011).A review of risk management in construction: Opportunities for improvement. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://file.scirp.org/pdf/ME_2014041514072361.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Lane, T. (2012).The impact of risk management on construction project success from the employees perspective. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://journal-archieves35.webs.com/12-43.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Perkins, J. (2015). Risk management in construction industry. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.meeting.edu.cn/meeting/UploadPapers/1282726331593.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Mark, S. (2011).A case study on risk management in construction industry. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://iosrjournals.org/iosr-jmce/papers/sicete(civil)-volume2/25.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Danchev, D. (2009).Risk management analysis in construction industry. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.meeting.edu.cn/meeting/UploadPapers/1282726331593.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Brown, V. (2011).Risk management in construction project network. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.548.2582rep=rep1type=pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Christini, O. (2011). A Comparative study of different procurement option in construction project. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:999456/FULLTEXT01.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Thomsons, L. (2013).A Study of risk in construction industry. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.worldwidejournals.com/global-journal-for-research-analysis-GJRA/file.php?val=September_2013_1379425895_21a41_39.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Shacklett, D. (2015).Management of risk in construction industry. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.ijer.in/ijer/publication/v5si1/35.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Banaitis, A. (2011).Risk management in construction project. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/38973/InTechRisk_management_in_construction_projects.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Serpella, R. (2011).Risk management in construction project: A knowledge based approach. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042814021648 [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Reddy, L. (2012).Evaluating risk management practices in construction organization. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042815036149 [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Sibomana, A. (2015).Effects of risk management methods of project performance. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.jkuat.ac.ke/campuses/kigali/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Aimable-Sibomana-2015-contribution-of-branding-in-enhancing-performance-of-tourism-sector-in-Rwanda.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Shankar, N. (2011).Assessment of risk in construction industry. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.irjet.net/archives/V2/i1/Irjet-v2i117.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Kang, B. (2013).Current practice of risk management in the Malaysia construction industry. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.ijscer.com/uploadfile/2015/1021/20151021023335987.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Villy, H. (2011).A methodology for integrated risk management and proactive scheduling. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/120981/1/KBI_0622.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Wang, C. (2013).Implementation of risk management in Malaysian in construction industry: Case study. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jcen/2015/192742/ [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016].

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Motivation and Flight Centre Staff

Introduction Flight Centre is one of the world’s leading travel agency organizations. Headquartered in Australia, Flight Centre has branches in the US, UK, Canada, and New Zealand. It offers a wide variety of services in the air travel industry. Flight Centre has nearly 10,000 staff, and motivation of such a vast number of workers in different countries and continents requires different motivation techniques.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Motivation and Flight Centre Staff specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The motivation techniques used for Flight Centre workers in these different areas should take cognizance of the form of work done by the employees, the environmental surroundings, and the employee needs and thus cannot use identical motivation techniques. Maslow’s Motivation Theory Maslow’s motivation theory states that the desire to fulfil unmet needs drives and motivates human being s in whatever they do. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs presents the basic human needs as being â€Å"physiological, followed by safety needs, social needs, and then esteem needs† (Berl Williamson 1987, p.53). When all these needs are satisfied, an individual is then able to attain self-actualization. As an all-encompassing theory on motivation, Maslow’s motivation theory applies to Flight Centre staff across the board. All the employees of Flight Centre, across the different continents, need to have their basic physiological needs met, regardless of rank or position in the organization. Therefore, Flight Centre employees will be motivated when the organization meets their basic physiological needs such as food, shelter, and education through proper and appropriate remuneration. Furthermore, Flight Centre employees involved in actual travel, in the process of transfer of documents and delivery of packages between Flight Centre and its clients, will be motivated by h aving their on-the-job safety needs catered for. Therefore, in a general sense, Maslow’s theory of motivation can apply across the board for employees of Flight Centre insofar as their motivation is derived from the satisfaction of their basic physiological and psychological needs. Incentive Theory and Flight Centre Employees One of the best motivators for workers and employees worldwide is adequate remuneration for work done. B.F Skinner’s incentive theory states that, when positive behaviour is rewarded, the behaviour is likely to be repeated. Therefore, through tangible and intangible rewards, employees can be motivated to perform to higher standards. One of the most common incentives for motivation is higher pay. When employees realize that they can receive better pay by performing their duties to a higher standard, they are likely to strive to achieve these standards.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, the Flight Centre employees in the different countries can be motivated through receiving competitive salaries and wages. However, different sets of employees are motivated differently. For instance, those working for Flight Centre on short-term contracts may be motivated to put more effort and skill in their work in order to obtain permanent employment terms. Staff in managerial positions may be motivated with rewards of higher job titles and definitive managerial positions. Overall, the creation of reward schemes within the internal structure of the organization provides adequate incentive to motivate employees to work at levels that are more intensive. Schemes that create an award for employees every month – â€Å"Employees of the Month†, and other such continuous reward schemes, can be an integral source of motivation for Flight Centre employees. Goal Setting Theory of Motivation and Flight Centre employe es The goal setting theory states that, employees can gain motivation and interest in their work when they develop clear goals to be achieved within specific periods. The Goal Setting theory, when applied to Flight Centre employees, may involve setting goals for the different cadre of employees. For instance, employees involved in the actual advertisement and recruiting of clients for Flight Centre may set goals on the number of new clients they can attempt to bring in for the organization each month or year. Employees involved in the daily interaction with clients (for instance Front Office employees) can target to reduce the number of negative feedbacks by clients. Similarly, the senior management can set goals on reducing the number of employee turnover annually. When such goals are set, the employees have clear targets that they can strive to achieve, and therein find motivation for their jobs. Since Flight Centre has branches in different countries, the goals set by these diffe rent branches should factor in the national, gender, cultural, and environmental factors wrought by the different locations. For example, a flight centre branch in Asia, which has collectivist cultures, should be careful to set goals that promote overall cooperation between employees since individualistic goal setting and achievement is frowned upon in Asian countries. Conclusion In conclusion, as discussed in this paper, Flight Centre cannot use identical motivation techniques in all its branches and activities. Since Flight Centre is an international organization with branches in different countries across different cultures, each Flight Centre branch has a unique set of employees and functions. The motivation techniques applicable in these branches will thus vary, considering the nature of the work involved, the type of employee in need of motivation, and the type of motivation appropriate. Reference Berl, R., Williamson, N., 1987. A Review of the Content Theories of Motivation asAdvertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Motivation and Flight Centre Staff specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They Apply to Sales and Sales Management. American Business Review, 5(1), pp. 53-58. This assessment on Motivation and Flight Centre Staff was written and submitted by user Cecel1a to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Book Review Darkness, Be My Friend Essays - Tomorrow Series

Book Review: Darkness, Be My Friend Darkness, Be My Friend is the fourth book in John Marsden's series consisting of Tomorrow, When the War Began, In the Dead of the Night and The Third Day, The Frost, in which seven young people are thrown into the middle of a violent war zone. Ellie, Fi, Kevin, Lee, Homer, Robyn and Corrie set out on a camping trip to a remote part of their district. They find their way into a remote basin surrounded by dangerous cliffs and difficult terrain, where they are completely safe and cut off from the rest of the world. When the teenagers return to their homes, they find that all the families in the district were abducted and locked into the show grounds by armed soldiers who are taking over Australia. After finding this, they go on to perform numerous terrorist activities around the district to hamper the enemy's progress. These including blowing up a bridge on a major convoy route, attacking an important bay used for supplies and in Darkness, Be My Friend, the teenagers set out from New Zealand to assist a small group of elite New Zealand soldiers attack the new airbase that has been built in their town. In this book, the New Zealand soldiers disappear without a trace and the teenagers have to attack the airbase themsleves_ I think that this book is as much about adventure and survival as it is about emotions, friendships and relationships. The book is written as the diary of the unofficial leader of the group and she speaks a lot about her thoughts, her relationships with the other members of the group and of her emotions about what she was forced to do during the course of the war. "I was determined I wasn't going to get angry, so I ignored that. I didn't blame him in a way. If only I could have understood what was going on in my own mind_ but I found that difficult at the best of times." "It was nothing to do with Lee. I still liked him a lot. I'd got over those feelings I'd had ages ago, the negative feelings towards him. So it wasn't that. I thought maybe it had something to do with the boy in New Zealand, whose name I realised with a shock I'd forgotten. It would come back to me, no doubt about that, but for the moment I couldn't think of it at all. And I thought it was probably a lot to do with the dead man whose house we had sneaked into - not that it was his house anyway - but the fact that we were living in a dead man's house. And, of course the fact that I'd killed him. I didn't know his name either. Weird: two guys who figured prominently in my life, and they were both nameless to me." "A slow awareness came over me, a kind of burning, as I realised. Yes, it was because of the boy in New Zealand and the man who lived in this house. And because I'd screamed at the soldier in the street. And because I'd left the door open at Tozer's. And because the fuel tank had been padlocked. And because I'd sneezed." Throughout the book, Marsden keeps an excellent mix of adventure, excitement and of personal `experience'. He looks deeper and deeper into the mind of Ellie and exactly how she feels. He writes this well and in a style that I would imagine Ellie would use. Marsden's excellent writing ability makes the story even more believable and more moving. He is able to portray the feelings and emotions that I would imagine a person in that situation to have and does so so well and so convincingly, that you can fully understand and comprehend what the group went through.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Key Quotations Assignment Essays

Key Quotations Assignment Essays Key Quotations Assignment Essay Key Quotations Assignment Essay Leak entertains Stephan with stories from his memory but whenever Stephen listens to them, he feels as though he is sees of a man for being interested which demeans the way he sees himself. The image of what is expected to be a man [As he] observed the easy strength Of these men, the more certain he was that he was that he could never become a man had been imprinted in his mind because he was surrounded by people that he was expected to live up to and become. His father expects him to become strong and work as a pulp cutter. Stephen sees the image of what he is supposed to live up to and because of it, he was expected to scorn now that he was becoming a man compelling him to abandon his childish nature. Nolan emphasizes on the internal conflicts that Stephan has within himself by creating a kind of push and pull scenario for Stephan to overcome. On one hand, the stories that Leak tells Stephen keeps him entertained and happy but on the other hand, Stephan is expected to live up to his father expectations and fill in his shoes. He is forced to choose between his own desires which are his child-like side or adapt to the conformity to gain his fathers respect. Theme: Mayo try to hard kid. The Pollack murmured. You act as if the saw were the most important thing in the world. One of the targeted themes of the story as that becoming a man isnt everything. Throughout the first half of the story, Nolan showed that Stephan had internal conflict within his own mind as he had a difficult time denying his identity for the acceptance of his father, but as the story progressed, with the help of Leak, he began accepting who he is. He began to consider what Leak had to say and thought about something other than what his father wanted. He began thinking of his own desires and choices instead of having such a narrow mind and thinking of being something other than being a man just because his father wanted him to. He accepted the fact that being a man isnt the most important thing in the world. Nolan shows us the importance of being able to think for yourself and fighting against conformity and pressure allowing the open mind of possibilities and alternatives. Stephan sees that he can be more than just a pulp cutter. He also sees that he is trying too hard to be something he is not, which was what created that internal conflict within himself and comparing his own inadequacy to another. Symbol: In our house in Transpolar, there were glass roses. Pretty little flowers made of red glass. My mother was very proud of them. She would let no one touch them When the first bomb fell, farther down the street, the glass roses were shaken from the mantel and they fell on the floor and broke in a million pieces. There is not much room in the world for glass roses This quotation shows Nolan allowing the destruction of a beautiful glass rose. Through Leaks stories, Nolan uses the glass rose as a representation of Stephens innocence as it is considered beautiful and kind like the glass rose. As Stephen struggles with his inner conflict between manhood and childhood, he is torn between conformity and his innocence. When Leak said the glass roses were shaken from the mantel and they fell on the floor and broke into a million pieces, Nolan was talking about Stephens innocence and possibility of a broken childhood, if it were to be shaken, it would [brake] into a million pieces. This shows that if there were to be instability with Stephen, such as manhood and the pressure of it, it would overcome the fragility of his innocence and destroy the beauty of his identity, desires and himself. The glass rose also represents the friendship that Leak and Stephen have. When We think of a glass rose, We think Of love and beauty and because Leak acts as a shining beacon of hope for Stephen and that creates a beautiful friendship. Stephen learned to become more than what his father wanted him to be by acknowledging the fact that he was very proud of them. Stephen came to the conclusion that Leak was his friend and that means he should stand up for his friend. By doing so, Stephen overcame his inner conflicts whether he should follow in his fathers footsteps or his own. Stephen also acknowledges that there is not much room in the world for glass roses so once he overcame his weakness, he was able to prevail onto utter things such as pursing his desires within himself. Setting: Streaks of daylight were appearing on the black forested, snow- shrouded horizon. The wind had fallen somewhat but it was still raw enough to lacerate Stephens temples The setting Nolan created inferred that Stephen was isolated with nothing but negative influence and pressure from his peers and especially his father that is forced upon Stephen. The story is placed in a dark isolated forest where Stephen is forced to work every day in it but with streaks of daylight appearing on the black forested, snow-shrouded orison. It is used as a beacon of hope that shines in the dark for Stephen when everything else seems so bleak and misguided. The forest is used as kind of a sense of a barrier or shield for Stephen between him and the outside world as the wind had fallen somewhat but it was still raw. Stephen s perception of himself his fixated in the reflection of others but the light not only shows him hope but it also shows that when in the forest, Stephen feels as though his dreams are valid even in the dark. Throughout the day, Stephen is forced to face the disappointment in his fathers eyes hen his father sees Stephen as not a man creating an emotional impact on him. By creating the setting in the forest, it is Stephens way of trying to escape all the expectations and what he is supposed to live up to. Point of view: He thought of the dozens of trees he would have to fell before the end of the day, millions of trees he would have to fell before he died. For as long as he lived, he would kneel beside a tree, a slave to the monotonous rhythm of the pulp saw Throughout the story, Nolan slowly progressed with expressing more and more of Stephens point of view. In the beginning it showed that it was as if Stephen didnt have a point of view to begin with. Everything was so fixated with his fathers perspective on things that it blinded his own vision of his own dreams. This quote not only shows Stephens point of view but it also shows Stephens feelings for as long as he lived he would kneel beside a tree, a slave to the monotonous rhythm of the pulp saw. Stephen projects the thought of having to follow in his fathers footsteps in a negative light displaying a small sense of emotion, he feels as though the life he is living isnt he life he wants but rather the life that his father has built up for him and that worries him.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Swa chp 47 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Swa chp 47 - Research Paper Example ment of appropriate tools to combat corporate fraud, penalize corporate offenders, and dissuade corporate deception making use of threat of stiffer penalties. The Act minimizes the risk of losses incurred by investors in case of fraud and theft. Additionally, the act encourages fraud reporting by setting aside benefit of reliable financial reporting, transparency, and answerability. Generally, the SOX Act addresses the issue of regulation for public companies and their auditors who are required to confirm organization reports on the efficiency of internal financial control as provided by Section 404. The Act’s aim was to help companies audit their accounts (Protiviti 22-30). Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) and Chief Financial Officers (CFOs) of businesses and accounting firms must verify that company accounts and other financial statements are a true representation of the firms or businesses financial situation. Additionally, the firms and business managements must acknowledge annually that they are accountable of the company’s financial control and that the internal systems involved in company financial control are operational accounts. Additionally, the firms and business must ensure that all the departments fully document every practice that impacts on the financial processes of the organization. Furthermore, the organizations must ensure that all the possible risks of occurrence of fraud or financial mismanagement are identified and that relevant controls to counteract such risks are put in place. The Act holds the company CEOs and CFOs personally responsible for all the information comprised in their firms or business financial statements and systems of internal financial regulator accounts. Section 201 made it illegal for public accounting firms to deliver definite audit services to audit clients. However, the public accounting firms are free to provide other non-audit services if they are but they must be pre-approved by the audit committee. The

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

UK employment law & Role of the State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

UK employment law & Role of the State - Essay Example sees the taxation of all items under consideration and makes sure that proper tax system and administration are in place: it is also obligated to provide enough social security to all its citizens, create and maintain public utilities, offer timely trainings on its agenda and offer job creation schemes among others. As a legislator, it endeavours to see that individuals are well justified in case proceedings and other disputes related matters, including the regulation of employment issues and trade unions (Guest 1995; p. 23). As an employer is involved in ensuring the public sector are payed with their dues and including their expenses. Also, it privatizes and nationalizes its public and private firms and by managing their ideology in employment relations. Lastly, an arbitrator in employment cases and tribunals, it forms commissions for official inquiries on special and needy and sensitive matters of the country which in turn become watchdog agencies against misappropriations of employment relations between itself and its citizens. It also puts special tribunal courts for such proceedings and hearings. The emphasis by the state of regulations is reflected by the decline of trade unions influences and its bargaining power, particularly, in the private sector. It is also shown in the increase in direct communications with its employees in its various agencies as part of Human Resources Management strategies (Storey, n.d). The following entails the Human Resource Management strategies employed by the state in various functions of employment relations. The state is being a pluralist, a unitary and global. It also enhances and employs Liberal Individualism, Liberal Collectivism and Bargained Corporatism in its human resource activities. The state emphasises the tripartite and collective nature of industrial relations (IR) as practiced in the UK until 1979. This strategy was derived by Fox (1966). This policy recognizes that employers and employees can have

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Leadership 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership 1 - Assignment Example This paper compares and contrasts these two leadership models. In addition, this paper also explicates under what conditions these theories would be utilized, what is important about them, and how they would be significant to the nursing profession. In defining leadership, Couig (2012) elucidates the four elements that make up leadership. Firstly, there must be a procedure or course of action between a leader and his or her adherents. Secondly, the leader must have authority or control over the adherents. Thirdly, leadership must occur in a group set-up with a universal target, and fourthly, projected objectives must be achieved. Leadership theories are based on these elements. Situational leadership theory was coined in by Hersey and Blanchard in the 1970s and was originally referred to as life-cycle theory. At first Ledlow and Coppola (2010. p. 73) notes that "Hersey and Blanchard identified four possible styles of leadership: telling, selling, participating, and delegating". Telling involves giving instructions to the followers on how to behave and conduct their activities; selling denotes giving directions while at the same time encouraging followers; participating involve crating connections or affiliations; and delegating involve allocating specific roles to followers but at the same time offer supervision (Ledlow and Coppola, 2010). According to this theory, the leader is obliged to consider the range of attributes available in a particular state of affairs in order to make an informed decision. According to Couig (2010), the leader is also obligated to alter or transform his leadership approach and align it with the level of preparedness of adheren ts, their level of motivation, and capability. For instance, employees with low levels of motivation require a different approach as compared to those with high motivation levels. The second leadership theory is

Friday, November 15, 2019

Factors that influence to increase price of goods

Factors that influence to increase price of goods Introduction Controls the market price of all necessary goods are the prime objective of the government. However, with the price increases of essentials capturing headlines of our national newspaper and TVs almost everyday. This price-hiking problem has become the main social problem in Bangladesh and it has great negative impacts on the people. The poor general mass is suffering most in this problem. Besides, it also hindrance the growth and development of the country. Ultimately, the goals of welfare state hampered due to lack of proper controlling the price of necessary goods. There are many reasons behind this problem. According to the finance and planning adviser, Mizan Azizul Islam, International price hike of essential necessities as being responsible for high domestic prices. In most of the cases, international market price is responsible for domestic inflation. Besides, production and production costing, export and import, preservation system, marketing policies, communication system etc are also responsible for this problem. Moreover, a group of business people are taking the advantages of these and increasing the price of necessary goods. This is unethical and unlawful. Factors that Influence to Increase Price of Goods Some factors are influencing the overall situation of the market to increase the price of necessary goods. They are- Production Production cost Preservation system Marketing strategy Export and Import Unethical business practice tendency Syndication Retail sellers unlawful tendency towards benefit Global market price Lack of government rules and its implementation Production The mass production of goods nationally and globally reduces the price of goods. If it is hampered, then it is impossible to control the price or keep the price of all necessary good in the reach of the poor people. This kind of problem happened when big countries such as China, India, Korea etc fail to produce their necessary goods. Last year due to natural disaster India fail to produce rice as a result demand for rice grows up and a scarcity was arise in the global market and at the same time price for rice goes up at a tremendous rate*. And it had a impacts both in the global and local market. *.Article on the newspaper ( The Daily Star )- Due to natural disaster India fails to produce rice to meet the local demand. So, they are going to buy and preserve rice from the global market. ally recognized levels. Production Cost Production cost depends on availability of production materials such as seed, fertilizer, water, production equipments and the weather. Lack of any of them interrupts the production and increase the production cost. According to the Section 171.1014, 1 taxable entity that elects to subtract cost of goods sold for computing its taxable margin shall determine the amount of that cost of goods sold as provided by this section. Moreover, the cost of goods sold includes all direct costs of acquiring or producing the goods (Labor costs, raw materials costs, handling costs, storage costs, repairing and maintaining costs etc)*. In addition, the cost of goods does not include the following costs in relation to the taxable entitys goods (Renting or leasing costs, selling, distributions, advertising costs etc)*. However, a group of businessperson are not following this rules and regulation and increasing the price of necessary goods for seeking more benefits. On the other hand, the governments are not taking any steps against this group of people though are there rules and regulations to prevent this. The only reason behind is that now a days more than 60% MPs are businessperson. * Section 171.1012. Determination of Cost of Goods Sold. In this section: The cost of goods sold includes all direct costs of acquiring or producing the goods, including: (1) labor costs; (2) cost of materials that are an integral part of specific property produced; (3) cost of materials that are consumed in the ordinary course of performing production activities; (4) handling costs, including costs attributable to processing, assembling, repackaging, and inbound transportation costs; Preservation Lack of proper preservation system has a great impact of the quality of the goods and on its price. Because of this most of the times producer mainly the farmer lose their interest to produce the goods. However, the government tries to make the cold storages in most of the prime cities. Further, it is not sufficient. Moreover, sometimes it is too much costly for the farmers and so on. Every year just for the lack of cold storage, farmers are dropping out their goods in the ponds, rivers. Such as tomato, potato, onion etc. Besides, it is a reason of environment pollution. The government is not taking the necessary steps to prevent this. As a result, the victim farmers are losing their interest for producing this goods and a scarcity is going to rise in the local market. Therefore, price of this goods are going high which is unreachable to the general mass. (5) storage costs, including the costs of carrying, storing, or warehousing property, subject to Subsection (e); (6) depreciation, depletion, and amortization, to the extent associated with and necessary for the production of goods, including recovery described by Section 197, Internal Revenue Code; (7) the cost of renting or leasing equipment, facilities, or real property directly used for the production of the goods, including pollution control equipment and intangible drilling and dry hole costs; (8) the cost of repairing and maintaining equipment, facilities, or real property directly used for the production of the goods, including pollution control devices; (9) costs attributable to research, experimental, engineering, and design activities directly related to the production of the goods, including all research or experimental expenditures described by Section 174, Internal Revenue Code; (10) geological and geophysical costs incurred to identify and locate property that has the potential to produce minerals; (11) taxes paid in relation to acquiring or producing any material, or taxes paid in relation to services that are a direct cost of production; (12) the cost of producing or acquiring electricity sold; and (13) a contribution to a partnership in which the taxable entity owns an interest that is used to fund activities, the costs of which would otherwise be treated as cost of goods sold of the partnership, but only to the extent that those costs are related to goods distributed to the taxable entity as goods-in-kind in the ordinary course of production activ * The cost of goods sold does not include the following costs in relation to the taxable entitys goods: (1) the cost of renting or leasing equipment, facilities, or real property that is not used for the production of the goods; (2) selling costs, including employee expenses related to sales; (3) distribution costs, including outbound transportation costs; (4) advertising costs; (5) idle facility expense; (6) rehandling costs; Marketing Still in our country, there are no proper marketing policies of the government. The lower middle class, middle class and upper class businessperson are controlling the markets. Most of the times the farmers are deprived their due prices. The middle class businessperson is unethically increasing the benefit margins. On the other hand, regarding imported goods, the businessperson are syndicating and increasing the prices of goods very high. As a result, for both of this system nationally produced goods and imported goods the consumers of our country are victims of this unethical business. Most of the times the government are the co-sharer of these unethical activities of the businessperson. In one sense, due to dishonesty and corruption justice is like a golden deer for people of Bangladesh. Therefore, the price controlling is hard to reach without development of the humanity. Besides this in Bangladesh, the business people are not following the perfect marketing strategy. In addition, the government has a lack of control on the over all market condition. Sometimes-due to this many businessperson starts to market their products without testing it and maintaining the quality*. Moreover, they focus on advertisements and start to market the products at a low price. As a result, the reputed companies who are maintaining the quality of the products it becomes tough for them to sustain in the market. Because they cannot able to market the products at a cheaper rate like their competitors. As a result, the general people have to buy the quality products at a higher rate. Communication Problem Communication problem influences to increase the price of necessary goods such as vegetables, imported goods etc. Without proper communication problem, it is tough to distribute the goods properly. It is great problem in Bangladesh and we are suffering this problem year after year. Government is trying to improve the communication problem. However, the steps they are taking are not sufficient for our country. Most of the times in the rainy seasons, prices of goods due to the communication problem. Moreover, every year flood is a common natural disaster for Bangladesh that totally breaks down the transportation system of us. On the other hand, each and every the transportation companies have to face many problems. Our government does not take any steps to secure the communication system. Groups of people take the advantage and collect money from the transportation sectors such as police, Mastans and so on. Due to this types of unethical activities, the cost of goods are incrasing. Export According to the Export Policy 1997-2002 the main objectives are to achieve optimum national growth, narrow down the gaps between export and import, to make the exportable items more attractive, to develop and expand infrastructure and so on*. In the year of 2009-2010, we export $18.36 billion. For Bangladesh the main export items are garments, textiles, jute and jute goods, ships, leather, produce, frozen fish and seafood, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, cement. Our main export partners are US 31.8%, Germany 10.9%, UK 7.9%, France 5.2%, Netherlands 5.2%, Kuwait 4.9%, Japan 4.5%, Italy 4.42% (2000). However, we fail to achieve our export objectives due to political disturbance, economical condition, natural disaster and so on. Every year we are exporting less and importing more. As a result, it create a negative impacts on our economy and price of goods are going up. Because of this unstable economic condition is arising day by day. The economy of Bangladesh is constituted by that of developing country. Its per capital income in 2008 was est. US$1,500. This is lower than India and Pakistan. Bangladesh ranked as the 48th largest economy in the world in 2008. In Bangladesh the economy has grown at the rate of 6-7% p.a. Due to infrastructure problems in transportation, communications, power supply and water distribution Bangladesh can not able to achieve it export objectives. These are the reason, which influence to increase the price of necessary goods. Objectives ( Export policy 1997-2002) The principal objectives of this policy are : 1. To achieve optimum national growth through increase of export in regional and international market; 2.. To narrow down the gap between the countrys export earning and import payment through achievement of the export targets ; 3.. To undertake timely steps for production of exportable goods at a competitive price with a view to exporting and strengthening existing export markets and making dent in new markets; 4.. To take the highest advantage of entering into the post Uruguay liberalized and globalized international market; 5. To make our exportable items more attractive to the market through product diversification and quality improvement; 6.. To establish backward linkage industries and services with a view to using more indigenous raw materials, expand the product base and identify and export higher value added products ; 7. To simplify export procedures and to rationalize and solidify export incentives; 8. To develop and expand infrastructure ; 9. To develop trained human resources in the export sector; 10. To raise the quality and grading of export products to internation Import According to the Import Policy 1997-2002 the main objectives are to make the import policy compatible with the changes in world-market, to ensure the growth of industries and so on*. In the year of 2008 Bangladesh imports$20.205 billion. Our main imported items are machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel, raw cotton, food, crude oil and petroleum products. Our main import partners are China 11.4%, India 9.1%, Singapore 8.5%, Hong Kong 7.1%, Japan 6.5%. Government is sincerely committed to fostering a gradual development of free market economy in the light of GATT agreement. For the interest of export promotion investment in the country, it is necessary to have a long term, stable, facilitative liberal Import Policy. The present government has taken steps to extend the duration of the Import Policy from two years to five years. Efforts have been made to make the Import Policy easier and more liberal by relaxing or rescinding the regulatory provisions of the previous Import Policy. Provisions have already been made to allow import of capital machinery and industrial raw materials on consignment basis without the cover of the Letter of Credit. Main objectives of Import policy a) To make the Import Policy Compatible with the changes in world-market that have occurred as a result of the introduction of market economy and signing of the GATT Agreement. b) To simplify the procedures for import of capital machinery and industrial raw materials with a view to promoting export, and c) To ensure growth of the indigenous industry and availability of high quality goods to the consumers at a reasonable price Government has taken steps for quality control in the import of cement, fertilizer etc. In order to protect the interest of the consumers, steps are afoot to ensure that in future all imported consumer items conform to a specified standard of quality. In the present Import Policy Order, second hand/reconditioned machinery are importable subject to fulfillment of certain conditions. Gradually efforts will be made to classify the machinery under H. S. Code. However, lack of proper management sometimes the import polices are disrupted. As a result, it takes too much time to discharge/unload the goods from sea-port. So, the importers have to increase the price of the goods. Besides, syndicating problem is a great reason to increase the market price of imported goods. Unethical Business Practice Tendency Most of the cases upper class and middle class businessperson are dishonest, selfish and they are acting as the head of the society*. They are controlling the local market price as their own wish. Besides, they are controlling the era of devils and making wealth and property. Moreover, they are also responsible for syndicating and increasing the price of local market goods. Among the politician more than 60% are businessperson*, they deals with the politicians and political parties and using their power in the wrong direction. Besides, corrupting the business sectors as much as they can just to make profits. In words, it is the Kingdom of dishonest, wealthy and powerful persons. The mass people are helpless to control the price of necessary goods. According to a report in *Amar Desh (May 11, 2007), prices of essential food items have increased 25 per cent on an average in the past four months. According to a report in New Age (May 11, 2007), prices rose between five and 50 per cent during the same period- most of it under the military-backed interim government of Fakhruddin Ahmed that assumed office after the proclamation of a state of emergency on January 11. According to the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s own statistics, inflation increased from just fewer than six per cent in January this year to almost 7.5 per cent by March. While the government appears to be in denial suggesting that inflation is not really out of control and quite below the danger level, experts fear that it might, in fact, have crossed the double-digit mark driven by the soaring food prices. *According to SLATE magazine (2007), about our very own mafia groups that group has come to be known, and often referred to in the media, as the syndicate. Despite the fact that academics, researchers and even politicians have acknowledged such collusion, its existence is denied upfront, both by government officials and businesspeople, in a manner that can be likened to that regarding the mafia. For the longest time, the existence of the mafia, or rather Cosa Nostra, was denied by insiders as well as government officials till misconceptions and myths were laid to rest by, what came to be known as, the Maxi Trial in a court in Sicily over a hundred years after its existence was officially reported. As for the syndicate, it has proved to be invincible and even immune to a state of emergency, which has not been able to curb Retail Sellers These types of people are also corrupted. They are mainly creating artificial crises of the product in the local market*. As a result, demand for those goods goes up. Moreover, sometimes the retailers offer gift items with the low quality products. As a result, demand for quality products goes down and they take the advantage by stocking the products. After few days later they market the products at a higher price. Global Market Prices It is also one of the prime reasons for increasing the price of necessary goods. We are insufficient to produce the necessary goods. Therefore, we have to depend on importing goods from foreign countries. Moreover, we need to depend on favorable price of goods of the world market. *THE RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES, MONOPOLIES AND PRICE CONTROL ACT Commencement: 1st Februar, 1989 An Act of Parliament to encourage competition in the economy by prohibiting restrictive trade practices, controlling monopolies, concentrations of economic power and prices and for connected purposes Government Precaution In all the cases the government steps towards controlling the price is also major factor. However, I am disclosing with regret that the every sector in our country are controlled by the corrupted businessperson. Most of the cases the rules of laws are absent and the implementations of laws are in near zero percentage. Those who will implement the law, most of them are highly corrupted. Therefore, the result is a big zero. The mass people with a new hope changing the government every 5 years. However, the result is more disappointed and more distress. In a word, it is a land of all evils and injustice. Without developing, the morality it is absurd to change this hails condition. We have to start a revolution from young generation. Conclusion Due to all of these lacking it is going to be impossible to control the price of necessary goods. The very poor people are suffering most of the cases by this problem. As a result, the major portion of the people are going as burden for the society. Therefore, we have to take precautions to avoid this problem for making a happy, wealthy and prosperous Bangladesh. If we want to achieve this then we have to take serious action and frame effective laws for the elimination of the middle men groups existing various trading circles, by framing effective measure to control bribery between law enforcing agencies and trades. A strong co-ordination efforts and monitoring cells should be formed to observe and check price level of essential commodities in different trade center of the country. Besides, committees should be established for the co-operation, co-ordination and exchange of information in between different Government officials entrusted to check price level, by re-introducing old rationing system by the Government to stable the prices, by identifying syndicate groups and taking appropriate action against them.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

No More Hiroshima and Slough Poem Comparision Essay

There can be no doubt that â€Å"Slough† and â€Å"No More Hiroshima’s† share a large collection of differences. However, they additionally have similarities. The poem â€Å"Slough† written by John Betjeman and is expressing his hatred for the place. This becomes apparent from the beginning when he ask for â€Å"friendly bombs, come fall on slough. † The satirical humour and juxtaposition of â€Å"friendly† and â€Å"bomb† are ironic and portray a dark image of the place, and this is continued throughout the poem with words such as â€Å"Death†, and â€Å"Hell†. Moreover, the imagery of the poem is ferocious and ghastly which greats a sense of negativity towards Slough. The poem â€Å"No More Hiroshima’s† by James Kirkup shares a similarity with Slough due to the aspect of war. No More Hiroshima’s is constructed around the reconstruction of the city Hiroshima’s after having nuclear bombs released on it. Furthermore, both poets are infuriated by the cities. No More Hiroshima’s begins with the tourist arriving at the station, â€Å"At the station exit, my bundle in hand† this already creates a sense of the poet coming off the train being confused at how busy the station is and how he was expecting to see huge inspirational memorials, however he was astonished and disappointed to see no memorials and compares it to any ordinary Japanese town. The poet in Slough wishes for slough to be obliterated as it says â€Å"come bombs, and blow to smithereens† whereas the No More Hiroshima’s poem doesn’t wish for the place to be wounded as the poet still sees Hiroshima as a precious place but it has just been used in the erroneous way due to commercialization of the demolished city. Consequently I believe this portrays a sense of negativity and is extremely idiosyncratic from the poet Betjeman and this continues throughout the whole poem. In the poem No More Hiroshima’s the poet doesn’t present any characters In a clear manner. Therefore he can talk about the place in a more general manner. Conversely in Slough the poet introduces characters as he feels he has to take his emotions out on the people not the city as it says for example â€Å" and get that man with double chin, who’ll always cheat and always win, who washes his repulsive skin In women’s tears,† the poet here is vehement that the people are additionally a cause for the failure of Slough whereas the in No More Hiroshima’s there isn’t blame on the people.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Reflection on Humanities Essay

Art is very important in our lives. It constitutes one of the oldest form and most important means of expression developed by man. It is a language, which is charged with feelings and significance that has sprung up among men living together. For this, I am very glad to experience the beauty of arts, to meet arts within my body and soul. The teaching of the humanities is intended to make us students realize that the mere possession of knowledge is useless unless put to useful ends. Moreover, we would become aware that knowledge alone is meaningless unless it is accompanied by values, sentiments, priorities, insights, inter-relationships and other transcendent realities not subject to empirical proofs also form part of the person’s education. In the humanities, we, students are exposed to these, thus, the development of the whole person, which is the goal of humanities. The humanities are the stories, the ideas, and the words that help us make sense of our lives and our world. The humanities introduce us to people we have never met, places we have never visited, and ideas that may have never crossed our minds. By showing how others have lived and thought about life, the humanities help us decide what is important in our own lives and what we can do to make them better. By connecting us with other people, they point the way to answers about what is right or wrong, or what is true to our heritage and our history. The humanities help us address the challenges we face together in our families, our communities, and as a nation. I am blessed to have met Mr. Apas. I knew and realized the glaring importance and beauty of what he always tell us regarding culture and art in our humanities class. But I pray the effort for each of us to grasp at what he was aiming, might at the very least bring us to a better understanding of arts and culture.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Imagine walking

Imagine walking into a dance club and feeling like you are floating through the door and hovering over the crowd. As you enter the dance floor the music and the lights slam your senses and send your body into overload. The music sounds more real, as if it was inside your head playing only for you. The lights are unbelieveably bright and they seem to hypnotize you. You step on the dance floor and the crowd swallows you in. Your body begins to move to the music without you even thinking about it. The music seems to be perfect and the crown around seems to be in perfect harmony with you and the music and lights. You dance with many people and you seem to have the perfect moves to go with any song that is played. Your mouth in constantly dry and you find yourself drinking gallons of water to keep from dehydrating. You dance all night long, loving every minute of your roll. Your senses are in a state of complete magnification and you love every minute of it. This is ECS! There is a new drug taking over in this millennium. This drug is different than drugs of the past. It is used by the younger generation, by clubbers, and generally by young people looking for a good time and a great high. Ecstasy has changed the way we look at drugs. Its not physically addictive and for the most part it is only used when people go out, to a party or a dance club. This drug is very popular and it has many people worried. No one really knows what it does to the body yet, and there are always rumors of death from taking these pills. Throughout this paper I will give the facts on ecstasy, its role in society, and its effects on human body. First off Im going to tell what ecstasy really is. The chemical makeup of ecstasy is, (C11H15NO2). The name for this compound is Methylenedioxy Methamphetamine or MDMA. One of the most challenging things that law enforcement is facing is the fact that this drug is easy to make and distribute. ...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Inertia and the Laws of Motion

Inertia and the Laws of Motion Inertia is the name for the tendency of an object in motion to remain in motion, or an object at rest to remain at rest  unless acted upon by a force. This concept was quantified in Newtons First Law of Motion. The word inertia came from the Latin word iners, which means idle or lazy and was first used by Johannes Kepler. Inertia and Mass Inertia is a quality of all objects made of matter that possess mass. They keep doing what they are doing until a force changes their speed or direction. A ball sitting still on a table wont start rolling around unless something pushes on it, be it your hand, a gust of air, or vibrations from the surface of the table. If you tossed a ball in the frictionless vacuum of space, it would travel on at the same speed and direction forever unless acted on by gravity or another force such as a collision. Volker Mà ¶hrke / Getty Images Mass is a measure of inertia. Objects of higher mass resist changes in motion more than objects of lower mass. A more massive ball, such as one made of lead, will take more of a push to start it rolling. A styrofoam ball of the same size but low mass may be set in motion by a puff of air. Theories of Motion From Aristotle to Galileo In everyday life, we see rolling balls come to rest. But they do so because they are acted on by force of gravity and from the effects of friction and air resistance. Because that is what we observe, for many centuries Western thought followed the theory of Aristotle, who said that moving objects would eventually come to rest and needed continued force to keep them in motion. In the seventeenth century, Galileo experimented with rolling balls on inclined planes. He discovered that as friction was reduced, balls rolled down an inclined plane attained almost the same height rolling back up an opposing plane. He reasoned that if there were no friction, they would roll down an incline and then keep rolling on a horizontal surface forever. It wasnt something innate in the ball that caused it to stop rolling; it was contact with the surface. Newtons First Law of Motion and Inertia Isaac Newton developed the principles shown in Galileos observations into his first law of motion. It takes a force to stop the ball from continuing to roll once it is set in motion. It takes a force to change its speed and direction. It doesnt need a force to continue moving at the same speed in the same direction. The first law of motion is often referred to as the law of inertia. This law applies to an inertial reference frame. Corollary 5 of Newtons Principia says: The motions of bodies included in a given space are the same among themselves, whether that space is at rest or moves uniformly forwards in a straight line without circular motion. In this way, if you drop a ball on a moving train that is not accelerating, you will see the ball fall straight downward, as you would on a train that was not moving.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Realism and the Lord of the Ring 3 Movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Realism and the Lord of the Ring 3 Movie - Essay Example Yet again, the absence of a regulating body makes the agents relate with one another on their own without being directed by a higher authority according to Crawford (45). It is also noted that since the players in the realism pitch do so in an environment that is unstable as they scramble for the same resources. As a result, sometimes the players engage in war in which case they have themselves to depend on. Before nationalism came into being as a political doctrine, realism in the political scene involved such jurisdictions as ruling dynasties and kingdoms (Mearsheimer 87). Generally, the realist ideology demands that the relevant agent ensures its own interests and survival before it can extend a glance to others’ needs. Connection between Realism and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) The epic fantasy film The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King which is based on the preceding volumes of the The Lord of the Rings trilogy. In brief, Sauron has been se eking to launch his conquest of Middle-earth. On the other hand, Theoden King of Rohan and Wizard Gandalf join forces to defend Minas Tirith (the capital of Gondor) from the impending danger. In the end, Aragorn claims Gondor’s throne and seeks the help of an army of ghosts to battle against Sauron. Even with the massive and remarkable force behind them, they realize that their lot is bound to be defeat. Sam, Frodo and the Hobbits have to shoulder the Ring’s burden and deal with Gollum’s treachery. A long journey sees them arrive in Mordor, a land that is quite full of danger. They desire to destroy the One Ring where it was created – using Mount Doom’s volcanic fires. The Lord of the Ring: The Return of the... Realism has continued to gain ground especially following the events of the Second World War. Realism, according to political scientists may be defined as the belief that reality essentially exists without respect to observers. Politically, realism is seen at play in international relations whenever national or territorial interests and security are given higher priority over social reconstructions, ideology and moral concerns. Ideally, the growing interest in realism comes about with the view that competitive self interest is the main driver of world politics. The application of realism or realist notions and perspectives is prevalent across the world. The main characteristics of realism include the desire for agents to secure themselves against threats and to protect their interests first before considering those of other players or agents. In the movie The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, realism is beyond doubt in existence. The various battles that are fought in the movie are aimed at protecting the interests of particular jurisdictions or individuals. Yet again the security of the jurisdictions is considered whenever threats seem to emerge from external forces. The absence of a governing body makes the playing field open to conflict as the fight for resources becomes evident. In spite of the above facts, it cannot be ignored that some players overcome the temptations associated with seeking power in a move that downplays the ideals of realism. The Lord of the Ring: The Return of the King is an epic-fantasy movie that starts off with the evil Sauron launching the final phases of his take-over of Middle-earth while Gandalf and Theoden assist in defending Minas Tirith.

Friday, November 1, 2019

International Business paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International Business paper - Essay Example Australian newspapers have similarly been blazing on about the changes in the economic policy and big business. The Age reported on February 25th about the Australian clothing company Pacific Brands moving its manufacturing facilities to China (Draper 2009). This has been in line with moves by a range of such businesses in the country deciding to place their facilities in Asia. Brands espoused by the company have been seen to be quintessentially Australian with a large following. This decision has been seen with a reflection of how many other local manufacturers in the food industry and others have slowly been taken over by foreign based companies. However, The Age reports that Pacific Brands, which retains Australian ownership, stresses that it remains very much Australian. Despite its manufacturing facilities now located in Asia and the subsequent layoff of workers in the country, the company's top management is quick to point out that the idea generation and organization will always remain Australian and thus it will not lose its focus towards the country (Draper 2009). In another article, The Canberra Times comments on the possible measures being contemplated by the Government to limit free trade by ranking up tariffs and subsidies (Barnett 2009). This is seen as a possible deterrent to the adverse effects of the international financial crisis and that it would help local businesses to stand up. Globalization is seen by some circles to be blamed for the recession that is leading to layoffs and a drop in production. It is believed that such restrictive measures can be used, despite remaining WTO legal to help the Australian economy. However it is argued that it could potentially be devastating since the country now has a big population and in recent years has been witnessing floods in rural areas and bush fires along with other troubles. It requires the elements of free trade to be present so that cheap imports can be brought in to meet local needs as the local economy may not be as self sufficient as is predicted (Barnett 2009). Question 1 Both these articles can be said to fall into the study of international business. The article by The Age speaks of the move by one Australian company that is typical of the trend being adopted by companies worldwide to find cheaper labor costs and costs of manufacturing to get higher profit margins. This shows the emergence of the global economy that we are witnessing today and the worldwide marketplace such that it is viable for businesses to shift their facilities to different parts of the world as comparative advantage shifts (Hirst 2002). It further has implications for local employment and that in the area to which the company shifts where the company will have to adapt to the local culture and practices in the case of its workforce there. It may further have to deal with exchange rate changes, a possible reliance on hedging techniques and be involved in the foreign exchange market which further links the company with others around the world. The other one by The Canberra Times talks about the Australian government's response to a global financial crisis and the ensuing recession. This is relevant to international bus