What Is Petroleum Engineering Biology Essay

What Is Petroleum Engineering Biology EssayPetroleum engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the representivities related to the production of hydrocarbons which scum bag be every crude rock oil or natural be adrift and there is subsurface activities that presume to f all in all within the upstream sector of oil and gas industry which are activities of finding and producing hydrocarbons(refining and distribution to a marked are referred to as the downstream sector)explored by earth scientists and petroleum engineering are the oil and gas industrys two chief(prenominal) subsurface disciplines in which focus on maximizing economic recovery of hydrocarbons from petroleum of engineering focuses on estimation of the recoverable hoi polloi of the recourses using a detailed understanding of the physical behavior of oil , pee and gas within a porous rock within a very exalted air hale and The combined efforts of geologists and petroleum engineers throughout the lif e of a hydrocarbon accumulation determine the way in which a reservoir is create and depleted, and usually they have the highest impact on field economics. Petroleum engineering requires a good knowledge of many an(prenominal) other related disciplines, such as geophysics, petroleum geology( performanceing, economics, reservoir simulation,well engineering, artificial lift systems)The Drill is a machine which creates holes (usually called boreholes) and shafts in the ground. Drilling rigs can be massive structures housing equipment used to work water wells, oil wells, or natural gas extraction wells, or they can be small enough to be moved manually by one person.citation needed They sample sub-surface mineral deposits, test rock, soil and groundwater physical properties.Drilling stillA recitationing fluid is any fluid which circulates through a well in order to remove cuttings from a wellbore. This section will discuss fluids which have water or oil as their continuous bod. Ai r, corrupt and foam, which can be used as cut fluids, will not be discussed at this time and drilling fluid must fulfill many functions in order to drill a well successfully, safely, and economically. The most measurable functions are1. Remove drilled cuttings from under the bit.(2) Carry those cuttings out of the hole.(3) Suspend cuttings in the fluid when circulation is stopped.(4) Release cuttings when processed by surface equipment. (5) Al diminished cuttings to settle out at the surface.6. Provide enough hydrostatic thrust to balance formation focalize pressures.7. Prevent the bore hole from collapsing or caving in. 8. Protect producing formations from damage which could impair production.9. Clean, cool, and lubricate the drill bitOccasionally, these functions require the drilling fluid to act in conflicting ways. You can see that items 1-3 are best served if the drilling fluid has a high viscosity, whereas items 4-5 are best accomplished with a low viscosity. In its most basic form a drilling fluid is composed of a liquid (either water or oil). If nothing else is added, whenever the hydrostatic pressure is greater than the formation pore pressure (and the formation is porous and permeable) a portion of the fluid will be flushed into the formation. Since excessive filtrate can cause borehole problems, some sort of filtration control additive is generally added. In order to provide enough hydrostatic pressure to balance abnormal pore pressures, the density of the drilling fluid is increased by adding a weight material (generally barite).Preparation The oil drilling process starts with finding the land to drill on. After selection, there are normally environmental studies to ensure no damage is done. The mineral rights will need to be acquired as well. A water source will have to be established, if one isnt nearby, and the site will need to be cleared of debris, trees and other objects. A hole is then cut into where the main drilling will be.The Base Liquid Water fresh or saline fossil oil diesel or crude Mineral oil color or other synthetic fluidsDispersed Solids Colloidal particles, which are suspended particles of various sizes.Dissolved Solids Usually saltinesss, and their effects on colloids most is important and all drilling fluids have essentially the same properties, only the magnitude varies. These properties include density, viscosity, gel strength, filter cake, water loss, and electrical resistance. Though this type of drilling fluid is easy to describe, it is hard to de finely and even more difficult to find. In the field, a normal fluid generally means that there is a petty effort expended to control the range of properties.General rules include1. It is used where no unexpected ensures occur.2. The muff will stabilize, so its properties are in the range postulate to control the hole conditions.3. The chief problem is viscosity control Formations usually drilled with this type of bollix mainly sands.Since viscosity is the major problem, the amount and condition of the colloidal clay is important. To do this, two general types of treatment are used1. Water soluble polyphosphates(a) They shrivel up viscosity(b) You should use it alone or with tannins2. Caustic Soda and Tannins(a) They also debase viscosity.(b) You have to use it under more severe conditions than phosphate treatment.The drilling fluids are made to combat extra abnormal hole conditions or to accomplish specific objectives. These are1. Special Objectives(a) Faster penetration rates.(b) Greater protection to producing zones.2. Abnormal Hole Conditions(a) Long salt sections.(b) High formation pressures.Lime Base Muds1. Water base manure.2. Treated with large amounts of caustic soda, que-bracho, and quicklime.3. Ratio of 2 lb caustic soda, 1.5 lb quebracho and 5 lb lime per 1 barrel of mud.4. Will go through a highly viscous stage, but will become stable at a low viscosity.5. Good points(a) Can tolerate large amounts of contaminating salts.(b) Remains fluid when solids content gets high.6. Weakness it has a tendency to solidify when subjected to high bottom-hole temperatures.Lime-Treated Muds1. Similar to lime based mud differ only in degree.2. A compromise attempt at overcoming the high temperature gelation problem.(a) Use less lime than lime-base mud.(b) Not nearly so resistant to salt contamination.Emulsion Muds Oil in Water1. Oil can be added to any of the normal or special mud with good results2. No special properties necessary3. Natural or special emulsifying agents hold oil in tight suspension subsequently mixing.4. Oils used are(a) Crude oils. (b) Diesel. (c) Any oil with API gravity between 25 and 50.5. Oil content in mud may be 1% to 40%.6. Advantages are(a) Very stable properties.(b) Easily maintained.(c) Low filtration and thin filter cake.(d) Faster penetration rates.(e) Reduces down-hole friction.7. Major objection is that the oil in the mud may mask any oil from the formation.In cludes muds1. Mud with inhibited filtrates.2. Large amounts of dissolved salts added to the mud.3. High pH usually necessary for best results.4. Designed to reduce the amount of formation swelling caused by filtrate inhibit clay hydration.5. Disadvantages(A) Needs specialized electric logs.(B) Requires much special attention.(C) Low mud weights cannot be maintained without oil.(D) Hard to increase viscosity.(E) Salt destroys natural filter cake building properties of clays.Gypsum Base Muds1. A specialized inhibited mud(a) Contains large amounts of atomic number 20 sulfate.(b) Add 2 lb/bbl gypsum to mud system.(c) Filtration controlled by organic colloids.2. Advantages(a) Mud is stable.(b) Economical to maintain.(c) Filtrate does not hydrate clays.(d) High gel strength.3. Disadvantages (a) fine abrasives remain in mud. (b) Retains gas in mud.Oil Based Muds1. Oil instead of water used as the dispersant.2. Additives must be oil soluble.3. largely pre-mixed and taken to the well-site .4. To increase aniline value, blown asphalt and un-slaked lime may be added.5. Advantages(a) Will not hydrate clays.(b) Good lubricating properties .(c) Normally higher drill rate.6. Disadvantages(a) Expensive.(b) Dirty to work with.(c) Requires special electric logs.(d) Viscosity varies with temperature.Inverted Emulsions1. Water in oil emulsion. Oil largest component, then water added.Order of addition is important2. Have some of the advantages of oil muds, but cheaper.Oil-Based Mud SystemsThere are two types of systems 1) invert emulsion, where water is the dispersed phase and oil the continuous phase (water-in-oil mud), and 2) emulsion mud, where oil is the dispersed phase and water is the continuous phase (oil-in-water mud). Emulsifiers are added to control the rheological properties (water increases viscosity, oil decreases viscosity).Air, Mist, Foam-Based Mud SystemsThese lower than hydrostatic pressure systems are of four types dry air or gas is injected into the borehole t o remove cuttings and can be used until appreciable amounts of water are encountered, mist drilling is then used, which involves injecting a foaming agent into the air stream, foam drilling is used when large amounts of water is encountered, which uses chemical detergents and polymers to form the foam, and aerated fluids is a mud system injected with air to reduce the hydrostatic pressure.Workover Mud SystemsAlso called completion fluids, these are specialized systems designed to minimize the damage formation, be compatible with acidizing and fracturing fluids and reduce clay/shale hydration and They are usually highly treated brines and blended salt fluid.Set Up and Drilling The main hole is dug wide at the top and is drilled down with just a basic small drill. Two other holes are also dug to store equipment and dirt. Next the main rig is brought in and set up over the main drilling hole. The basic rig is made up of a drill bit and steaming that sends the drill further and further down, scaffolding with cable and pulley to bring the drill up and an engine to turn the drill. The drill is sent down, where it chews up the earth. The mud is moved up the piping into a hole built for storage. As the drill goes down, more piping is added, and when a drill wears out, it is pulled up and replaced.Finding OilOnce mud, being pulled up from the drill site, shows signs of oil residue, the drill is removed and testing is done. Core samples are taken as well as pressure and gas tests. When it is confirmed that the oil has been found, an explosive charge is sent down in the form of a perforating gun. This will crack the rock so that oil can flow into the drill area. After the rock is cracked, a pipe is lowered down for the oil to be collected. The hole is then capped slay to avoid spillage and a pump is set up to pull the oil out of the ground.